Conflictos y resistencias territoriales asociados al uso y acceso de los bienes naturales en La Rioja, Argentina

This paper wonders about territorial conflicts associated with changes in land use, and access to commons goods in the location of Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina. They happended because of expansion of the borders of commodification of nature, hand in hand with food exports and the intensification of the use of common goods. So the article analyses these topics from 1998 to 2018. The methodology used to collect information, combines field interviews, participatory methodologies and the analysis of satellite images. The results show that the productive area has increased by 654% in 20 years.  Consequently, there were territorial dispute for territorial ‘s organization. The absence and promotion of spaces for participatory planning of the Vichigasteño space, turned out to be one of the main problems of the territorial disputes. The creation of a reserve is seen as a strategy to limit expansion, while conflicts within the place continue to emerge.El presente trabajo, se interroga por los conflictos territoriales asociados a los cambios en el uso del suelo y el acceso a los bienes comunes naturales en la localidad de Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina. Los mismos se dieron en el marco de procesos de expansión de las fronteras de mercantilización de la naturaleza, de la mano de los alimentos de exportación y de la intensificación en el uso de los bienes comunes. En consecuencia, el presente estudio aborda estas cuestiones para el período comprendido entre 1998 y 2018. Utilizando una metodología mixta que incluye entrevistas a campo, metodologías participativas y el análisis de imágenes satelitales se construye la información que permite dar respuesta a estos interrogantes. Los resultados obtenidos permiten observar que en 20 años la superficie productiva agrícola aumentó, en Vichigasta, un 654%, quintuplicando la media provincial. En consecuencia, se identificaron conflictos y resistencias territoriales por la organización del territorio. La ausencia y promoción de espacios para la planificación participativa del espacio vichigasteño, resulto ser uno de las principales problemáticas de las disputas territoriales. La creación de una reserva se vislumbra como una estrategia para limitar la expansión, mientras los conflictos, dentro del lugar, no dejan de emerger

Territorializing capital by deterritorializing rural areas. Territorial consequences associated with land use changes in the Antinaco - Los Colorados Valley, La Rioja, Argentina

En la mirada de Haesbaert (2004) no hay manera de definir al individuo, al grupo, a la comunidad, a la sociedad, por fuera del contexto geográfico-territorial que los contiene. Los sujetos producen sus propios territorios, de manera tal que su modificación abre un camino incierto en el que confluyen, se articulan y retroalimentan los procesos de despojo, enajenación del lugar y destrucción de las territorialidades que dan sostén a la vida. Los relatos de algunos productores agropecuarios de Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina, exponen, con claridad meridiana, cómo estas dinámicas afectan su reproducción social. Expresan una profunda impotencia frente a la imposibilidad de frenar el avance de las actividades empresariales con una lógica distinta a la del campesinado, no pudiendo haber logrado hasta el momento resultados en sus luchas acordes con sus expectativas. La creación de una reserva natural comienza a avizorarse como una posibilidad de resguardo y barrera al avance expansivo del capital. Una manera renovada, aunque no libre de contradicciones de valorar el patrimonio natural como dador de servicios y bienes ecológicos e incluso emerge como un espacio donde aportar a la gestión del territorio por y para la comunidad vichigasteña. El presente trabajo avanza con el análisis de las tendencias de crecimiento agrícola en los últimos 30 años en la zona y describen las tensiones generadas como consecuencia de ello. Luego, analiza los procesos de desterritorialización en curso y recupera las miradas de los productores agropecuarios a propósito de las tendencias territoriales en curso.In Haesbaert's (2004)view there is no way to define the individual, the group, the community, the society, outside the geographic-territorial context that contains them. The subjects produce their own territories, in such a way that their modification opens up an uncertain path in which the processes of dispossession, alienation of the place and destruction of the territorialities life-sustaining converge, coordinate with and feed back on each other. The stories of some farmers in Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina, show with great clarity, how these dynamics affect their social reproduction. They express profound helplessness in the face of the impossibility to slow down the expansion of business activities that have a different logic from that of the peasantry, and thus far have not been able to achieve results in their struggles in accordance with their expectations. The creation of a natural reserve appears as a possibility of safeguard and barrier against the expansive advance of capital. A renewed way, although not free from contradictions, of valuing the natural heritage as a provider of ecological services and goods, and even emerges as a space to contribute to land management by and for the Vichigasta community. The present work advances with agricultural growth trends analysis in the last 30 years in the area and describes the tensions generated as a consequence. It then analyzes the deterritorialization processes under way and recovers farmers’ views regarding current territorial trends

Elements for the analysis of sustainability of a minor fraction of territory at watershed level

Las unidades territoriales de escalas moderadas posibilitan el estudio de las interacciones e interdependencias entre los distintos subsistemas que conforman al complejo sistema sociecológico “territorio". En el presente trabajo, se utilizó como unidad de análisis la cuenca hidrográfica denominada Río Amarillo- Los Sarmientos, ubicada en el noroeste de la provincia de La Rioja, Argentina. El objetivo es brindar elementos de análisis que permitan evaluar la sostenibilidad de una unidad moderada de territorio mediante una serie de indicadores claves. La metodología incluyó la caracterización de la heterogeneidad presente en la cuenca, la utilización de imágenes satelitales para, mediante indicadores biofísicos, observar los cambios en la estructura vegetal y el análisis del conjunto de políticas territoriales que se implementaron en la provincia. Los resultados permiten identificar y cuantificar el cambio en el uso del suelo observando diferencias significativas en la parte baja de la cuenca por el avance que tuvo allí, la agricultura intensiva vinculada al cambio en el uso del suelo motivado por las políticas impulsadas por el gobierno local. Se concluye en la necesidad de generar información analizada en forma sistémica que siente las bases para un manejo territorial que tienda a la sostenibilidad del área de estudio.The territorial units of moderate scales make it possible to study the interactions and interdependencies between the different subsystems that constitute the complex socio-ecological system “territory". In this work, the river basin called Río Amarillo-Los Sarmientos, located in the northwest of the province of La Rioja, Argentina, was used as element of analysis. The purpose of this work is to provide elements of analysis that allow to assess the sustainability of a moderate unit of territory through a series of key indicators. The methodology included the characterization of the heterogeneity in the basin, the use of satellite images to observe the changes in the vegetation structure through biophysical indicators, and the analysis of the set of territorial policies that were implemented in the province. The results allow to identify and quantify the change in land use. This shows significant differences in the lower part of the basin due to the progress of the intensive agriculture linked to the change in land use motivated by the policies promoted by the local government. To conclude, there is a need to generate information analyzed in a systemic way that lays the foundations for a territorial management that tends to the sustainability of the study area.Fil: Montilla, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de ChilecitoFil: Gareis, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataFil: Juarez, Oscar. Universidad Nacional de Chilecit

Added value of assimilating springtime Arctic sea ice concentration in summer-fall climate predictions

Prediction skill of continental climate in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes is generally limited throughout the year in dynamical seasonal forecast systems. Such limitations narrow the range of possible applications by different stakeholders. Improving the predictive capacity in these regions has been a challenging task. Sea ice is a central component of the Arctic climate system and a local source of climate predictability, yet its state is often not fully constrained in dynamical forecast systems. Using the EC-Earth3 climate model, we study the added value of assimilating observed Arctic sea ice concentration on the NH extratropical climate in retrospective forecasts of summer and fall, initialized every spring over 1992–2019. Predictions in the North Atlantic and Eurasia benefit from better initialization of sea ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic in a two-step mechanism. Initially, sea ice influences the central North Atlantic Ocean through an atmospheric bridge that develops in the first forecast weeks, subsequently leading to preserved skill in the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) throughout summer and early fall. Secondly, these long-lasting SST improvements provide better surface boundary conditions for the atmosphere and lead to more skillful predictions of circulation and surface climate in the Euro-Atlantic and Asian regions. In addition, our findings suggest that fully coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice models are likely necessary to study linkages between Arctic sea ice and midlatitudes, by better representing the interactions and feedbacks between the different components of the climate system.The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors. This work was funded by the European Union projects APPLICATE (Grant 727862), INTAROS (Grant 727890), and ESA/CMUG-CCI3. J C A N received financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through a Juan de la Cierva personal grant (FJCI-2017-34027). J G-S was supported by the Spanish 'Ramón y Cajal' programme (RYC-2016-21181). All the data were downloaded from their original source, converted to NetCDF in a format designed for efficient analysis and quality checked at several levels. Etienne Tourigny, Pierre-Antoine Bretonnière, Margarida Samsó Cabré, Núria Pérez Zanón and An Chi Ho are acknowledged for their help with technical aspects. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Territorializing capital by deterritorializing rural areas: Territorial consequences associated with land use changes in the Antinaco - Los Colorados Valley, La Rioja, Argentina

En la mirada de Haesbaert (2004) no hay manera de definir al individuo, al grupo, a la comunidad, a la sociedad, por fuera del contexto geográfico-territorial que los contiene. Los sujetos producen sus propios territorios, de manera tal que su modificación abre un camino incierto en el que confluyen, se articulan y retroalimentan los procesos de despojo, enajenación del lugar y destrucción de las territorialidades que dan sostén a la vida. Los relatos de algunos productores agropecuarios de Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina, exponen, con claridad meridiana, cómo estas dinámicas afectan su reproducción social. Expresan una profunda impotencia frente a la imposibilidad de frenar el avance de las actividades empresariales con una lógica distinta a la del campesinado, no pudiendo haber logrado hasta el momento resultados en sus luchas acordes con sus expectativas. La creación de una reserva natural comienza a avizorarse como una posibilidad de resguardo y barrera al avance expansivo del capital. Una manera renovada, aunque no libre de contradicciones de valorar el patrimonio natural como dador de servicios y bienes ecológicos e incluso emerge como un espacio donde aportar a la gestión del territorio por y para la comunidad vichigasteña. El presente trabajo avanza con el análisis de las tendencias de crecimiento agrícola en los últimos 30 años en la zona y describen las tensiones generadas como consecuencia de ello. Luego, analiza los procesos de desterritorialización en curso y recupera las miradas de los productores agropecuarios a propósito de las tendencias territoriales en curso.In Haesbaert's (2004)view there is no way to define the individual, the group, the community, the society, outside the geographic-territorial context that contains them. The subjects produce their own territories, in such a way that their modification opens up an uncertain path in which the processes of dispossession, alienation of the place and destruction of the territorialities life-sustaining converge, coordinate with and feed back on each other. The stories of some farmers in Vichigasta, La Rioja, Argentina, show with great clarity, how these dynamics affect their social reproduction. They express profound helplessness in the face of the impossibility to slow down the expansion of business activities that have a different logic from that of the peasantry, and thus far have not been able to achieve results in their struggles in accordance with their expectations. The creation of a natural reserve appears as a possibility of safeguard and barrier against the expansive advance of capital. A renewed way, although not free from contradictions, of valuing the natural heritage as a provider of ecological services and goods, and even emerges as a space to contribute to land management by and for the Vichigasta community. The present work advances with agricultural growth trends analysis in the last 30 years in the area and describes the tensions generated as a consequence. It then analyzes the deterritorialization processes under way and recovers farmers’ views regarding current territorial trends.Fil: Montilla, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Laura María del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

Trends, variability and predictive skill of the ocean heat content in North Atlantic: an analysis with the EC-Earth3 model

This study investigates linear trends, variability and predictive skill of the upper ocean heat content (OHC) in the North Atlantic basin. This is a region where strong decadal variability superimposes the externally forced trends, introducing important differences in the local warming rates and leading in the case of the Central Subpolar North Atlantic to an overall long-term cooling. Our analysis aims to better understand these regional differences, by investigating how internal and forced variability contribute to local trends, exploring also their role on the local prediction skill. The analysis combines the study of three ocean reanalyses to document the uncertainties related to observations with two sets of CMIP6 experiments performed with the global coupled climate model EC-Earth3: a historical ensemble to characterise the forced signals, and a retrospective decadal prediction system to additionally characterise the contributions from internal climate variability. Our results show that internal variability is essential to understand the spatial pattern of North Atlantic OHC trends, contributing decisively to the local trends and providing high levels of predictive skill in the Eastern Subpolar North Atlantic and the Irminger and Iceland Seas, and to a lesser extent in the Labrador Sea. Skill and trends in other areas like the Subtropical North Atlantic, or the Gulf Stream Extension are mostly externally forced. Large observational and modeling uncertainties affect the trends and interannual variability in the Central Subpolar North Atlantic, the only region exhibiting a cooling during the study period, uncertainties that might explain the very poor local predictive skill.Teresa Carmo-Costa, Ana Teles-Machado and Emanuel Dutra would like to acknowledge the financial support from FCT through projects FCT-UIDB/50019/2020 and PD/BD/142785/2018. Furthermore, Ana Teles-Machado acknowledges SARDINHA2020 (MAR2020) and ROADMAP (JPIOCEANS/ 0001/2019). Roberto Bilbao was supported by the European Commission H2020 projects EUCP (Grant no. 776613). Pablo Ortega was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through the Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2017-22772.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Monitoramento dos processos de educação ambiental: proposta de estruturação de um sistema de indicadores de educação ambiental

Despite the significant progress made in the development of environmental education policies in recent years, little is known about the impact and effectiveness of the countless activities, projects and initiatives resulting from those policies on the conservation of ecological resources and, most of all, on people’s training in pro-environmental behavior. In this paper, we formulate a system of environmental education indicators, which do not formally exist in Colombia, with the purpose of monitoring the scope and development of the educational actions promoted and undertaken from different policies and institutional programs. The proposed system includes a number of operational guidelines for collecting information from environmental education processes regarding environmentally relevant behaviors. This is expected to contribute to the management and projection of environmental education in the different action levels and to consolidate the existing knowledge on the most effective actions. A pesar de importantes avances en los últimos años en el desarrollo de políticas de educación en materia ambiental, es poco lo que se sabe del impacto y la efectividad del sinnúmero de actividades, proyectos e iniciativas derivadas de estas políticas en torno a la conservación de los recursos ecológicos y principalmente sobre la formación de las personas en conductas proambientales. En el artículo se formula un sistema de indicadores de educación ambiental, inexistentes de manera formal en Colombia, con la intención de monitorear los alcances y el desarrollo de las acciones educativas que se promueven y emprenden desde distintas políticas y programas institucionales. El sistema propuesto incluye pautas operativas para la recolección de información de los procesos de educación ambiental, en torno a comportamientos ambientalmente relevantes. Con esto se espera contribuir a gestionar y proyectar la educación ambiental en sus distintos niveles de actuación y consolidar conocimiento alrededor de aquellas acciones que resultan más eficaces. Apesar de importantes avanços no desenvolvimento de políticas de educação em matéria ambiental nos últimos anos, pouco se sabe do impacto e da efetividade do sem-número de atividades, projetos e iniciativas derivadas dessas políticas sobre a conservação dos recursos ecológicos e principalmente sobre a formação das pessoas em condutas pró-ambientais. No artigo é apresentado um sistema de indicadores de educação ambiental, inexistentes formalmente na Colômbia, com a intenção de monitorar a dimensão e o desenvolvimento das ações educativas promovidas e empreendidas desde diversas políticas e programas institucionais. O sistema proposto inclui pautas operativas para a recolecção de informação dos processos de educação ambiental, em torno a comportamentos ambientalmente relevantes. Isso visa contribuir para a gestão e a projeção da educação ambiental nos seus diversos níveis de atuação e consolidar o conhecimento sobre aquelas ações que são mais eficazes

Summer predictions of Arctic sea ice edge in multi-model seasonal re-forecasts

In this study, the forecast quality of 1993–2014 summer seasonal predictions of five global coupled models, of which three are operational seasonal forecasting systems contributing to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), is assessed for Arctic sea ice. Beyond the Pan-Arctic sea ice concentration and extent deterministic re-forecast assessments, we use sea ice edge error metrics such as the Integrated Ice Edge Error (IIEE) and Spatial Probability Score (SPS) to evaluate the advantages of a multi-model approach. Skill in forecasting the September sea ice minimum from late April to early May start dates is very limited, and only one model shows significant correlation skill over the period when removing the linear trend in total sea ice extent. After bias and trend-adjusting the sea ice concentration data, we find quite similar results between the different systems in terms of ice edge forecast errors. The highest values of September ice edge error in the 1993–2014 period are found for the sea ice minima years (2007 and 2012), mainly due to a clear overestimation of the total extent. Further analyses of deterministic and probabilistic skill over the Barents–Kara, Laptev–East Siberian and Beaufort–Chukchi regions provide insight on differences in model performance. For all skill metrics considered, the multi-model ensemble, whether grouping all five systems or only the three operational C3S systems, performs among the best models for each forecast time, therefore confirming the interest of multi-system initiatives building on model diversity for providing the best forecasts.This study was partly funded by the H2020-APPLICATE project, EU grant number 727862. JCAN acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the personal grant Juan de la Cierva FJCI-2017-34027, PRACE for awarding access to MareNostrum at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), and ESA/CMUG-CCI3 for financial support. PO work was funded by the Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2017-22772.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

How Credibly Do CMIP6 Simulations Capture Historical Mean and Extreme Precipitation Changes?

Abstract Future precipitation changes are typically estimated from climate model simulations, while the credibility of such projections needs to be assessed by their ability to capture observed precipitation changes. Here we evaluate how skillfully historical climate simulations contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) capture observed changes in mean and extreme precipitation. We find that CMIP6 historical simulations skillfully represent observed precipitation changes over large parts of Europe, Asia, northeastern North America, parts of South America and western Australia, whereas a lack of skill is apparent in western North America and parts of Africa. In particular in regions with moderate skill the availability of very large ensembles can be beneficial to improve the simulation accuracy. CMIP6 simulations are regionally skillful where they capture observed (positive or negative) trends, whereas a lack of skill is found in regions characterized by negative observed precipitation trends where CMIP6 simulates increases.We are grateful for support by the Departament de Recerca i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya for the Climate Variability and Change (CVC) Research Group (Reference: 2021 SGR 00786), and research funding by the Horizon 2020 LANDMARC project (grant agreement no. 869367), the Horizon Europe ASPECT project (Grant 101081460), and the AXA Research Fund. CDT acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (FPI PRE2019–509 08864 financed by MCIN/AEI/http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033). PDL received funding from the Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme, Grant 101059659. We thank the climate modeling groups contributing to CMIP6 for producing and making available their model output. We are grateful to Margarida Samsó and Pierre–Antoine Bretonnière for downloading, formatting and managing the large data sets of climate simulations and observations used in this study.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Elementos para el análisis de la sostenibilidad, a nivel de cuenca, de una fracción menor de territorio

Las unidades territoriales de escalas moderadas posibilitan el estudio de las interacciones e interdependencias entre los distintos subsistemas que conforman al complejo sistema sociecológico “territorio”. En el presente trabajo, se utilizó como unidad de análisis la cuenca hidrográfica denominada Río Amarillo- Los Sarmientos, ubicada en el noroeste de la provincia de La Rioja, Argentina. El objetivo es brindar elementos de análisis que permitan evaluar la sostenibilidad de una unidad moderada de territorio mediante una serie de indicadores claves. La metodología incluyó la caracterización de la heterogeneidad presente en la cuenca, la utilización de imágenes satelitales para, mediante indicadores biofísicos, observar los cambios en la estructura vegetal y el análisis del conjunto de políticas territoriales que se implementaron en la provincia. Los resultados permiten identificar y cuantificar el cambio en el uso del suelo observando diferencias significativas en la parte baja de la cuenca por el avance que tuvo allí, la agricultura intensiva vinculada al cambio en el uso del suelo motivado por las políticas impulsadas por el gobierno local. Se concluye en la necesidad de generar información analizada en forma sistémica que siente las bases para un manejo territorial que tienda a la sostenibilidad del área de estudio.The territorial units of moderate scales make it possible to study the interactions and interdependencies between the different subsystems that constitute the complex socioecological system “territory”. In this work, the river basin called Río Amarillo-Los Sarmientos, located in the northwest of the province of La Rioja, Argentina, was used as element of analysis. The purpose of this work is to provide elements of analysis that allow to assess the sustainability of a moderate unit of territory through a series of key indicators. The methodology included the characterization of the heterogeneity in the basin, the use of satellite images to observe the changes in the vegetation structure through biophysical indicators, and the analysis of the set of territorial policies that were implemented in the province. The results allow to identify and quantify the change in land use. This shows significant differences in the lower part of the basin due to the progress of the intensive agriculture linked to the change in land use motivated by the policies promoted by the local government. To conclude, there is a need to generate information analyzed in a systemic way that lays the foundations for a territorial management that tends to the sustainability of the study area.Fil: Montilla, Pablo Javier. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito. Instituto de Ambientes de Montaña y Regiones Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Gareis, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Instituto de Hábitat y Medio Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito. Instituto de Ambientes de Montaña y Regiones Áridas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo. Centro de Investigaciones Hábitat y Municipios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Juárez, Oscar Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito. Instituto de Ambientes de Montaña y Regiones Áridas; Argentin