Compensation between activation entropy and enthalpy in reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons catalyzed by solid acids

Reaction rates of toluene disproportionation (A) and cumene cracking (B) normalized by the number of Brønsted acid sites were analyzed on aluminosilicates. The activation entropy showed linear and compensatory relationship against the activation enthalpy. The slope of entropy-enthalpy plot was in the order of (B)>(A)>small alkane cracking, whereas the intercept on the horizontal axis was in the order of propane and isobutane cracking>linear C4–8 alkanes and iso-pentane cracking>(A)>(B). The former is consistent with the bulkiness of reactant, while the latter is consistent with intrinsic difficulty of formation of intermediate cations

PERAN GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MENUMBUHKAN NILAI-NILAI TOLERANSI BERAGAMA SISWA DI SMP NEGERI 1 NGUNUT TULUNGAGUNG

Skripsi dengan judul “Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Menumbuhkan Nilai-Nilai Toleransi Beragama Siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung” ini ditulis oleh Vitria Ulfana Putri, NIM.2811133271, dengan pembimbing Drs. H. Muh. Kharis M.Pd Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya fenomena bahwa zaman sekarang ini semakin tingginya sikap intoleransi keberagamaan. Sehingga dalam hal ini peneliti menghubungkan dengan peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut dalam menumbuhkan sikap toleransi beragama di lingkungan sekolah yang mana diketahui bahwa terdapat siswa dengan latar belakang agama yang berbeda diantaranya Islam, Kristen, Khatolik, dan Budha yang menimba ilmu disekolah yang sama bahkan dikelas yang sama. Oleh sebab itu perlunya sikap toleransi beragama diantara para siswa dengan tujuan agar suasana belajar berjalan kondusif dan terjalin kerukunan antar siswa beda. Fokus penelitian dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah (1) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai educator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? (2) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai motivator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? (3) Bagaimana peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai fasilitator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif dan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai edukator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan menjadi teladan dan role model dalam menjaga kerukunan antar umat beragama. Membentuk kepribadian siswa untuk lebih bisa menerima perbedaan agama dengan memberikan pemahaman tentang ketahuidan. Membimbing dan mengarahkan siswa menjadi manusia sosial. Dan membangkitkan pandangan yang berbeda kepada siswa muslim dengan melihat perbedaan agama sebagai alat meningkatkan keimanan. (2) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai motivator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan bertindak sebagai pembawa cerita dengan menceritakan kisah Nabi dalam bertoleransi antar umat beragama. Mengajak dan memberi dukungan yang menjadi penyemangat dalam menumbuhkan nilai toleransi beragama. Memupuk gotong royong dan kerja sama antar umat beragama. (3) Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam sebagai fasilitator dalam menumbuhkan nilai-nilai toleransi beragama siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut Tulungagung yaitu dengan menyediakan waktu untuk siswa. Menghadapkan siswa pada problem yang berkaitan dengan toleransi beragama. Menyediakan kondisi dan kesempatan bagi siswa untuk menumbuhkan toleransi kepada umat agama lain dengan kegiatan keagamaa

Spred2-deficiency enhances the proliferation of lung epithelial cells and alleviates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in many cellular processes, including the development of fibrosis. Here, we examined the role of Sprouty-related EVH-1-domain-containing protein (Spred) 2, a negative regulator of the MAPK-ERK pathway, in the development of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Compared to WT mice, Spred2−/− mice developed milder PF with increased proliferation of bronchial epithelial cells. Spred2−/− lung epithelial cells or MLE-12 cells treated with spred2 siRNA proliferated faster than control cells in vitro. Spred2−/− and WT macrophages produced similar levels of TNFα and MCP-1 in response to BLM or lipopolysaccharide and myeloid cell-specific deletion of Spred2 in mice had no effect. Spred2−/− fibroblasts proliferated faster and produced similar levels of MCP-1 compared to WT fibroblasts. Spred2 mRNA was almost exclusively detected in bronchial epithelial cells of naïve WT mice and it accumulated in approximately 50% of cells with a characteristic of Clara cells, 14 days after BLM treatment. These results suggest that Spred2 is involved in the regulation of tissue repair after BLM-induced lung injury and increased proliferation of lung bronchial cells in Spred2−/− mice may contribute to faster tissue repair. Thus, Spred2 may present a new therapeutic target for the treatment of PF

Ultra-high-molecular-weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Wing Method for Strong Cranioplasty

We developed a new cranioplasty method that utilizes artificial bone made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, with a wedge-shaped edge (UHMWPE Wing). This study shows the methods and data of case series and finite element analyses with the UHMWPE Wing. A circumferential wing was preoperatively designed for a custom-made artificial bone made of UHMWPE to achieve high fixed power and to minimize the usage of cranial implants. Here, we present 4 years of follow-up data and finite element analyses for patients treated with the UHMWPE Wing between February 2015 and February 2019. Eighteen consecutive patients underwent cranioplasty using our UHMWPE Wing design. There were no postoperative adverse events in 17 of the patients for at least 18 months. One case of hydrocephalus experienced screw loosening and graft uplift due to shunt malfunction. Placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt immediately returned the artificial bone to normal position. Finite element analyses revealed that a model using the UHMWPE Wing had the highest withstand load and lowest deformation. This is the first report on the UHMWPE Wing method. This method may enable clinicians to minimize dead space and achieve high strength in cranioplasty

A comprehensive survey on quantum computer usage: How many qubits are employed for what purposes?

Quantum computers (QCs), which work based on the law of quantum mechanics, are expected to be faster than classical computers in several computational tasks such as prime factoring and simulation of quantum many-body systems. In the last decade, research and development of QCs have rapidly advanced. Now hundreds of physical qubits are at our disposal, and one can find several remarkable experiments actually outperforming the classical computer in a specific computational task. On the other hand, it is unclear what the typical usages of the QCs are. Here we conduct an extensive survey on the papers that are posted in the quant-ph section in arXiv and claim to have used QCs in their abstracts. To understand the current situation of the research and development of the QCs, we evaluated the descriptive statistics about the papers, including the number of qubits employed, QPU vendors, application domains and so on. Our survey shows that the annual number of publications is increasing, and the typical number of qubits employed is about six to ten, growing along with the increase in the quantum volume (QV). Most of the preprints are devoted to applications such as quantum machine learning, condensed matter physics, and quantum chemistry, while quantum error correction and quantum noise mitigation use more qubits than the other topics. These imply that the increase in QV is fundamentally relevant, and more experiments for quantum error correction, and noise mitigation using shallow circuits with more qubits will take place.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, figures regenerate

Spectrally Resolved Photodynamics of Individual Emitters in Large-Area Monolayers of Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a 2D, wide band gap semiconductor that has recently been shown to display bright room-temperature emission in the visible region, sparking immense interest in the material for use in quantum applications. In this work, we study highly crystalline, single atomic layers of chemical vapor deposition grown h-BN and find predominantly one type of emissive state. Using a multidimensional super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique we simultaneously measure spatial position, intensity, and spectral properties of the emitters, as they are exposed to continuous wave illumination over minutes. As well as low emitter heterogeneity, we observe inhomogeneous broadening of emitter line-widths and power law dependency in fluorescence intermittency; this is strikingly similar to previous work on quantum dots. These results show that high control over h-BN growth and treatment can produce a narrow distribution of emitter type and that surface interactions heavily influence the photodynamics. Furthermore, we highlight the utility of spectrally resolved wide-field microscopy in the study of optically active excitations in atomically thin two-dimensional materials.Junior Research Fellowship, Trinity College. EPSRC Doctoral Training Award (EP/M506485) EPSRC Doctoral Training Centre in Graphene Technology (EP/L016087/1) EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC (EP/L015978/1) Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF120277) European Union Horizon 202

Evaluation of the contribution of tropical cyclone seeds to changes in tropical cyclone frequency due to global warming in high-resolution multi-model ensemble simulations

Previous projections of the frequency of tropical cyclone genesis due to global warming, even in terms of sign of the change, depends on the chosen model simulation. Here, we systematically examine projected changes in tropical cyclones using six global atmospheric models with medium-to-high horizontal resolutions included in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project/High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project. Changes in the frequency of tropical cyclone genesis could be broken down into the contributions from (i) the tropical cyclone seed, a depression having a closed contour of sea level pressure with a warm core and (ii) the survival rate, the ratio of the frequency of tropical cyclone genesis to that of tropical cyclone seeds. The multi-model ensemble mean indicates that tropical cyclone genesis frequencies are significantly decreased during the period 1990–2049, which is attributable to changes in tropical cyclone seeds. Analysis of the individual models shows that although most models project a more or less decreasing trend in tropical cyclone genesis frequencies and seeds, the survival rate also contributes to the result in some models. The present study indicates the usefulness of decomposition into the frequency of the tropical cyclone seeds and the survival rate to understand the cause of uncertainty in projected frequencies of tropical cyclone genesis

Examining the predictability of the Stratospheric Sudden Warming of January 2013 using multiple NWP systems

The first multi-model study to estimate the predictability of a boreal Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) is performed using five NWP systems. During the 2012-2013 boreal winter, anomalous upward propagating planetary wave activity was observed towards the end of December, which followed by a rapid deceleration of the westerly circulation around 2 January 2013, and on 7 January 2013 the zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N and 10 hPa reversed to easterly. This stratospheric dynamical activity was followed by an equatorward shift of the tropospheric jet stream and by a high pressure anomaly over the North Atlantic, which resulted in severe cold conditions in the UK and Northern Europe. In most of the five models, the SSW event was predicted 10 days in advance. However, only some ensemble members in most of the models predicted weakening of westerly wind when the models were initialized 15 days in advance of the SSW. Further dynamical analysis of the SSW shows that this event was characterized by the anomalous planetary wave-1 amplification followed by the anomalous wave-2 amplification in the stratosphere, which resulted in a split vortex occurring between 6 January 2013 and 8 January 2013. The models have some success in reproducing wave-1 activity when initialized 15 days in advance, they but generally failed to produce the wave-2 activity during the final days of the event. Detailed analysis shows that models have reasonably good skill in forecasting tropospheric blocking features that stimulate wave-2 amplification in the troposphere, but they have limited skill in reproducing wave-2 amplification in the stratosphere