Antifungal Activity of Citronella Oil Against Clinical Isolate Candida albicans

Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) is commonly claimed as a multifunction plant. Citronella produces an essential oil whose quality standard was set in SNI 06-3953-1995. Citronella oil is used for traditional medication, such as an antimicrobial, antipyretic, analgesic, and many other functions. This study evaluated the in-vitro antifungal activity of citronella oil obtained from the farm in Menderek, Pintu Rime Gayo, Bener Meriah, Aceh, against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. The citronella oil analyzed using chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed chemical components of citronellal (26.06%), β-citronellol (26.314%), and geraniol (17.90%). Antifungal activity test of citronella oil against Candida albicans by well diffusion method showed the highest activity at 40% v/v concentration with the diameter of inhibition zone of 23.31±0.04 mm. The result of this study indicated that the citronella oil has a good potential to inhibit clinical isolate Candida albicans growth

Antibacterial activity of mexican sunflower leaf Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Aqueous extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

The research of antibacterial activity of Mexican sunflower leaf Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray aqueous extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was carried out. The research aimed to observe the antibacterial activity of Mexican sunflower leaves aqueous extract to inhibit the growth of MRSA with concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The extracts were obtained by the maceration method, and the antibacterial activity was tested using the agar well diffusion method. Characterization of Mexican sunflower leaves simplicia were obtained with water level 9%, water-soluble level 21,6%, ethanol-soluble level 10,3%, and total ash level 14,36%. Characterization of Mexican sunflower leaves aqueous extracts were obtained with water level 26,36%, water-soluble level 53,13%, ethanol-soluble level 26,36%, and total ash level 19,98%. Phytochemical screening revealed that aqueous extract of Mexican sunflower leaves contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The largest inhibitory zone was shown at a 50% extract concentration with a diameter of 12,40 mm. The aqueous extract of Mexican sunflower leaves was capable to form the inhibition zone on the MRSA growth

GAS CROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPATE AND PYRETROID COMPOUNDS IN MOSQUITO COILS

Mosquito coils contain active compounds such as chlorpyriphos, dichlorphos, and d-alletrhrin which may be hazardous to the health. As majority of pesticides are stable heat, they can be changed into stable vapor state by column.  a gas chromatographic method of analysis was developed. Gas chromatography for organophosphate compounds, namely chlorpyriphos and dichlorphos, with a OV-17 packed column, and a flame photometry detector equipped by filter for phosphor, which detecs phosphor containing compounds exclusively, avoiding any interference of other non phosphor compounds present in the sample matrix. Gas chromatography for a pyrethoid compound, d-allethrin, utilizes a HP-1 capilarry column with a flame ionization detector, and detect, any ionizable compound. The research was initiated by adjustment of the condition of gas chromatography system to obtain an appropiate separation of compounds a good shape of chromatogram and a tolerable retention time.  With a flow rate of nitrogen 55 ml/min, column temperatures of 210oC, a detector and injector temperature of 230oC, the method gave a retention times chlorpyriphos of 6,47 minute and that of dichlorphos of 0,73 minute . The difference in retention time of chlorpyriphos and that of dichlorphos was caused by the difference in molecular weight of both compounds, thin dichlorphos with a smaller molecular weight (220, 98) was eluted faster than chlorpyriphos (350,6). For  d-allethrin whit a flow rate of nitrogen gas of 40 ml/min, a column temperature  of 180oC, a detector and injector temperature of 210oC, a retention time of d-allethrin of 3,28 minutes was obtained. The mosquito coils tested did not contain any chlorpyriphos nor dichlorphos, and some contained d-allethrin. The d-allethrin content obtained in one of the sample was beyond the tolerated limit

Gas Cromatographic Analysis of Organophospate and Pyretroid Compounds in Mosquito Coils

Mosquito coils contain active compounds such as chlorpyriphos, dichlorphos, and d-alletrhrin which may be hazardous to the health. As majority of pesticides are stable heat, they can be changed into stable vapor state by column. a gas chromatographic method of analysis was developed. Gas chromatography for organophosphate compounds, namely chlorpyriphos and dichlorphos, with a OV-17 packed column, and a flame photometry detector equipped by filter for phosphor, which detecs phosphor containing compounds exclusively, avoiding any interference of other non phosphor compounds present in the sample matrix. Gas chromatography for a pyrethoid compound, d-allethrin, utilizes a HP-1 capilarry column with a flame ionization detector, and detect, any ionizable compound. The research was initiated by adjustment of the condition of gas chromatography system to obtain an appropiate separation of compounds a good shape of chromatogram and a tolerable retention time. With a flow rate of nitrogen 55 ml/min, column temperatures of 210oC, a detector and injector temperature of 230oC, the method gave a retention times chlorpyriphos of 6,47 minute and that of dichlorphos of 0,73 minute . The difference in retention time of chlorpyriphos and that of dichlorphos was caused by the difference in molecular weight of both compounds, thin dichlorphos with a smaller molecular weight (220, 98) was eluted faster than chlorpyriphos (350,6). For d-allethrin whit a flow rate of nitrogen gas of 40 ml/min, a column temperature of 180oC, a detector and injector temperature of 210oC, a retention time of d-allethrin of 3,28 minutes was obtained. The mosquito coils tested did not contain any chlorpyriphos nor dichlorphos, and some contained d-allethrin. The d-allethrin content obtained in one of the sample was beyond the tolerated limit

Phytochemical, GC-MS Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract Coir and Shell U Groh (Cocos nucifera L.)

U Groh is a coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in which the meat has not been formed yet, and its shell is consumed as a salad by the Acehnese people. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals, GC-MS analysis, and activity of coir and shell U Groh against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Chemical compounds were analyzed using reagents and GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was tested using well diffusion with concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40%. Coir and shells contain flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. GC-MS analysis shows the coir contains 20 compounds, among others Alpha. - Bisabololoxide B-Acetate, Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9 octadecenoic acid methyl ester, Stigmasterol, and gamma. -Sitosterol, whereas 16 compounds for the shell Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and Stigmast-5-en-3-ol. The highest activity of coir and shell U Groh against E. coli and S. aureus was a concentration of 40%. The antibacterial activity of U Groh coir and shell extract was more effective in inhibiting S. aureus than E. coli. Coir ethanol extract and its shell formed inhibition zones with diameters of 13.7 mm and 13.4 mm, respectively, against S. aureus, and the diameters against E. coli were 11.3 mm and 11.03 mm, respectively. The extract ethanol of coir and shell U Groh has good potential as an antibacterial

GAS CROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANOPHOSPATE AND PYRETROID COMPOUNDS IN MOSQUITO COILS

Mosquito coils contain active compounds such as chlorpyriphos, dichlorphos, and d-alletrhrin which may be hazardous to the health. As majority of pesticides are stable heat, they can be changed into stable vapor state by column.  a gas chromatographic method of analysis was developed. Gas chromatography for organophosphate compounds, namely chlorpyriphos and dichlorphos, with a OV-17 packed column, and a flame photometry detector equipped by filter for phosphor, which detecs phosphor containing compounds exclusively, avoiding any interference of other non phosphor compounds present in the sample matrix. Gas chromatography for a pyrethoid compound, d-allethrin, utilizes a HP-1 capilarry column with a flame ionization detector, and detect, any ionizable compound. The research was initiated by adjustment of the condition of gas chromatography system to obtain an appropiate separation of compounds a good shape of chromatogram and a tolerable retention time.  With a flow rate of nitrogen 55 ml/min, column temperatures of 210oC, a detector and injector temperature of 230oC, the method gave a retention times chlorpyriphos of 6,47 minute and that of dichlorphos of 0,73 minute . The difference in retention time of chlorpyriphos and that of dichlorphos was caused by the difference in molecular weight of both compounds, thin dichlorphos with a smaller molecular weight (220, 98) was eluted faster than chlorpyriphos (350,6). For  d-allethrin whit a flow rate of nitrogen gas of 40 ml/min, a column temperature  of 180oC, a detector and injector temperature of 210oC, a retention time of d-allethrin of 3,28 minutes was obtained. The mosquito coils tested did not contain any chlorpyriphos nor dichlorphos, and some contained d-allethrin. The d-allethrin content obtained in one of the sample was beyond the tolerated limit

Antibacterial Activity of Citronella Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Irrational antibiotic use in the treatment of infectious diseases can result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and to assess its antibacterial activity against MRSA. Citronella essential oil was extracted using a water-steam distillation method, yielding 0.5 percent. Citronella essential oil has a specific gravity of 0.904, a refractive index of 1.470, and is slightly soluble in 80 percent ethanol. All of these parameters were in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Requirement (SNI) for Citronella essential oil. The disc diffusion assay was used to test the antibacterial activity of this Citronella essential oil. The result indicated that Citronella essential oil has an activity to inhibit MRSA invitro

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF WHITE AND RED FLESH FROM GUAVA LEAF ( Psidium guajava. L) AGAINTS Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli

An antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract of white and red flesh from guava leaf (Psidium guajava. L) against S.aureus and E.coli; using agar diffusion method was carried out in order to produce the extract. The extract was collected using maceration method. The concentration of extract was 7,8125; 6,1035; 5,00; 4,8828; 4,3944; and 3,90625 mg/mL. The results showed that both of extracts had antibacterial activities. Ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf had (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) MIC value at 5.000 mg/mL against S.aureus and 4.8828 mg/mL against E.coli. Whereas ethanol extract of red flesh of fruit guava leaf had MIC value at 4.3944 mg/mL against S.aureus and E.coli.  MIC value of ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal with MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 µg/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 µg/mL against E.coli. The MIC value of red flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal to the MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 µg/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 µg/mL against E.coli