The Equality of Women and Men in Employment

Остваривање једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању је већ дуго на листи приоритета сваке државе и друштва у којима постоји велики степен поштовања основних људских права и демократских вредности. Међутим, државе још увек нису на задовољавајући начин у пракси оствариле једнакост жена и мушкараца у запошљавању, јер се ради о комплексном праву које се прогресивно остварује, тако да његову примену прати велики број теоријских и практичних проблема. У раду су анализирани најактуелнији појмови и проблеми који су од суштинске важности за остваривање једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању. Њихова детаљна анализа и правилно тумачење и примена знатно олакшава остваривање једнакости у пракси. То се посебно односи на дефинисање појма суштинске (материјалне) једнакости и на примену афирмативних мера. Затим, утврђивање општих приступа којима се материјална једнакост остварује, са предностима и недостацима сваког од њих. Полазну основу за такву анализу чине теоријска становишта еминентних професора и теоретичара радног права, као и репрезентативна судска пракса. У даљем раду се проблематика остваривања једнакости анализира кроз приказ релевантних међународних и регионалних стандарда. Анализом упоредног законодавства и националног позитивног права наводе се конкретне мере и решења, чијом применом државе покушавају да остваре једнакост жена и мушкараца у запошљавању. У циљу свеобухватног приказа једнакости жена и мушкараца анализирани су и одређени аспекти радног односа. Овакав критички приступ је неопходан јер омогућава држава да правилно сагледају проблематику остваривања једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању.Ostvarivanje jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju je već dugo na listi prioriteta svake države i društva u kojima postoji veliki stepen poštovanja osnovnih ljudskih prava i demokratskih vrednosti. Međutim, države još uvek nisu na zadovoljavajući način u praksi ostvarile jednakost žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju, jer se radi o kompleksnom pravu koje se progresivno ostvaruje, tako da njegovu primenu prati veliki broj teorijskih i praktičnih problema. U radu su analizirani najaktuelniji pojmovi i problemi koji su od suštinske važnosti za ostvarivanje jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju. NJihova detaljna analiza i pravilno tumačenje i primena znatno olakšava ostvarivanje jednakosti u praksi. To se posebno odnosi na definisanje pojma suštinske (materijalne) jednakosti i na primenu afirmativnih mera. Zatim, utvrđivanje opštih pristupa kojima se materijalna jednakost ostvaruje, sa prednostima i nedostacima svakog od njih. Polaznu osnovu za takvu analizu čine teorijska stanovišta eminentnih profesora i teoretičara radnog prava, kao i reprezentativna sudska praksa. U daljem radu se problematika ostvarivanja jednakosti analizira kroz prikaz relevantnih međunarodnih i regionalnih standarda. Analizom uporednog zakonodavstva i nacionalnog pozitivnog prava navode se konkretne mere i rešenja, čijom primenom države pokušavaju da ostvare jednakost žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju. U cilju sveobuhvatnog prikaza jednakosti žena i muškaraca analizirani su i određeni aspekti radnog odnosa. Ovakav kritički pristup je neophodan jer omogućava država da pravilno sagledaju problematiku ostvarivanja jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju.Accomplishment of equality of women and men in employment has been on a priority list of each state and society for a long time, where there is a high level of respect of the basic human rights and democratic values. However, states have not accomplished the equality of women and men in employment in a satisfactory way in practice since it is a very complex right being accomplished progressively; therefore, its implementation is followed by a number of theoretical and practical issues. The most current terms and issues have been analysed in the paper, being of the essential significance for accomplishment of the equality of women and men in employment. Their detailed analyse and correct interpretation and implementation significantly facilitate the accomplishment of equality in practice. It is especially related to defining of a term of the substantive equality and to implementation of affirmative measures. Then, determining of general approaches where substantive equality is accomplished within, with its advantages and lacks in each of them. The initial base for such an analyse is made of theoretical views of eminent professors and theoreticians of the Labour Law, and the representative court practice, either. Further on within the paper, the issue of accomplishment of the equality has been analysed through the review of relevant international and regional standards. By analysing of comparative legislation and national law, the concrete measures have been stated and solutions, where by implementing the ones, states try to accomplish the equality of women and men in employment. In the aim of a general review of the equality of women and men, certain aspect of the labour relation have been analysed, either. Such a critical approach is necessary since it allows to states to reconsider the issue of the equality of women and men in employment duly

The Equality of Women and Men in Employment

Остваривање једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању је већ дуго на листи приоритета сваке државе и друштва у којима постоји велики степен поштовања основних људских права и демократских вредности. Међутим, државе још увек нису на задовољавајући начин у пракси оствариле једнакост жена и мушкараца у запошљавању, јер се ради о комплексном праву које се прогресивно остварује, тако да његову примену прати велики број теоријских и практичних проблема. У раду су анализирани најактуелнији појмови и проблеми који су од суштинске важности за остваривање једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању. Њихова детаљна анализа и правилно тумачење и примена знатно олакшава остваривање једнакости у пракси. То се посебно односи на дефинисање појма суштинске (материјалне) једнакости и на примену афирмативних мера. Затим, утврђивање општих приступа којима се материјална једнакост остварује, са предностима и недостацима сваког од њих. Полазну основу за такву анализу чине теоријска становишта еминентних професора и теоретичара радног права, као и репрезентативна судска пракса. У даљем раду се проблематика остваривања једнакости анализира кроз приказ релевантних међународних и регионалних стандарда. Анализом упоредног законодавства и националног позитивног права наводе се конкретне мере и решења, чијом применом државе покушавају да остваре једнакост жена и мушкараца у запошљавању. У циљу свеобухватног приказа једнакости жена и мушкараца анализирани су и одређени аспекти радног односа. Овакав критички приступ је неопходан јер омогућава држава да правилно сагледају проблематику остваривања једнакости жена и мушкараца у запошљавању.Ostvarivanje jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju je već dugo na listi prioriteta svake države i društva u kojima postoji veliki stepen poštovanja osnovnih ljudskih prava i demokratskih vrednosti. Međutim, države još uvek nisu na zadovoljavajući način u praksi ostvarile jednakost žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju, jer se radi o kompleksnom pravu koje se progresivno ostvaruje, tako da njegovu primenu prati veliki broj teorijskih i praktičnih problema. U radu su analizirani najaktuelniji pojmovi i problemi koji su od suštinske važnosti za ostvarivanje jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju. NJihova detaljna analiza i pravilno tumačenje i primena znatno olakšava ostvarivanje jednakosti u praksi. To se posebno odnosi na definisanje pojma suštinske (materijalne) jednakosti i na primenu afirmativnih mera. Zatim, utvrđivanje opštih pristupa kojima se materijalna jednakost ostvaruje, sa prednostima i nedostacima svakog od njih. Polaznu osnovu za takvu analizu čine teorijska stanovišta eminentnih profesora i teoretičara radnog prava, kao i reprezentativna sudska praksa. U daljem radu se problematika ostvarivanja jednakosti analizira kroz prikaz relevantnih međunarodnih i regionalnih standarda. Analizom uporednog zakonodavstva i nacionalnog pozitivnog prava navode se konkretne mere i rešenja, čijom primenom države pokušavaju da ostvare jednakost žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju. U cilju sveobuhvatnog prikaza jednakosti žena i muškaraca analizirani su i određeni aspekti radnog odnosa. Ovakav kritički pristup je neophodan jer omogućava država da pravilno sagledaju problematiku ostvarivanja jednakosti žena i muškaraca u zapošljavanju.Accomplishment of equality of women and men in employment has been on a priority list of each state and society for a long time, where there is a high level of respect of the basic human rights and democratic values. However, states have not accomplished the equality of women and men in employment in a satisfactory way in practice since it is a very complex right being accomplished progressively; therefore, its implementation is followed by a number of theoretical and practical issues. The most current terms and issues have been analysed in the paper, being of the essential significance for accomplishment of the equality of women and men in employment. Their detailed analyse and correct interpretation and implementation significantly facilitate the accomplishment of equality in practice. It is especially related to defining of a term of the substantive equality and to implementation of affirmative measures. Then, determining of general approaches where substantive equality is accomplished within, with its advantages and lacks in each of them. The initial base for such an analyse is made of theoretical views of eminent professors and theoreticians of the Labour Law, and the representative court practice, either. Further on within the paper, the issue of accomplishment of the equality has been analysed through the review of relevant international and regional standards. By analysing of comparative legislation and national law, the concrete measures have been stated and solutions, where by implementing the ones, states try to accomplish the equality of women and men in employment. In the aim of a general review of the equality of women and men, certain aspect of the labour relation have been analysed, either. Such a critical approach is necessary since it allows to states to reconsider the issue of the equality of women and men in employment duly

REVITALIZATION PROCESS OF PRESCHOOL BUILDINGS

Abstract. This paper represents the research associated with establishment of the methodological approach to reviving architecture designed for children’s upbringing and education, and consider new possible strategies for implementing eco-principles in the existing construction fund of preschool facilities in Serbia. Basic research problem is global state of resources, energy consumption and disrupted children comfort in preschool facilities. Research gives concrete proposals for future architectural praxis in Serbia in terms of eliminating the aforementioned problems. The aim of the research is to record and valorize practical measures for environmental, energy-efficient and economic reshaping in accordance with pre-set criteria, which will provide healthy, safe, comfortable, functional and progressive eco inner and outer environment of a child in preschool facility. Key words: revitalization, methodology, preschool building, energy savings, children comfor

Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Sour Cherries From Serbia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of phenolics: the total phenols (TP), flavonoids (TF), anthocyanins (TA), as well as the total antioxidant\ud capacity (TAC) in three sour cherry cultivars (Prunus cerasus L.) introduced to the southeast Serbia climate conditions. Among the investigated sour cherries,\ud „Oblačinska“ cultivar contained the highest amounts of all groups of phenolics, followed by „Cigančica“ > „Marela“. A significant difference were observed in the phenolic content among different cultivars and growing seasons (p  0.05), and the phenolic compounds were significantly higher in the growing season 2009. The examined cultivars possess a high antioxidant capacity, and all phenolics of highy correlation with TAC. The following compounds were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD: 4 anthocyanins, the most abundant of which was cyanidin-3-glucoside in “Marela” and “Oblačinska”, and cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside in „Cigančica“, and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids, the most abundant of which was neochlorogenic acid in all sour cherry cultivars. The growing and ripening process on the tree of sour cherry cv. „Oblačinska“ was evaluated also. The results showed significant increases in total phenols during the ripening, the total anthocyanins and total antioxidant capacity and 4 quantified anthocyanins, however the neochlorogenic acid decreased during the ripening. The study indicated that the growing and climate conditions in southeast Serbia are convenient for introducing sour cherry cultivars.\u

Content of Trace Metals in Medicinal Plants and their Extracts

The heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of selected plant species, grown in Southeast region of Serbia, that are traditionally used in alternative medicine were determined. Among the considered metals, iron content was the highest one and varied from 137.53 up to 423.32 mg/kg, while the contents of Cu, Zn and Mn were remarkably lower, and ranged from 8.91 to 62.20 mg/kg. In addition, an analysis of plants extracts showed a significant transfer of heavy metals during extraction procedure; therefore, the corresponding extraction coefficients reached values up to 88.8%. Those were especially high in the ethanol based extracts. Moreover, it is was established that such coefficients mostly depend on the solvent nature and also on the treated plant species. The obtained results impose that medicinal plants from Southeast region of Serbia due to rather low content of heavy metals are appropriate for preparation of teas and medicinal extracts

Wandering spleen-a possible cause of adrenal ”mass“-case report

Wandering spleen is a very rare clinical condition character-ized by spleen absence in the normal anatomical location in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen and its presence at another location in the abdomen or pelvis. The ectopic spleen is extremely rare in children, where its increased mobility is the result of a congenital disturbance of the fixation for the anterior wall due to the absence or weakness of the supporting ligaments. Wandering spleen is usually asymptomatic, but its torsion is possible, as well as infarction or rupture which demand an urgent diagnosis and surgical treatment. The diagnosis of wandering spleen can easily be overlooked due to low incidence and insufficient clinical experience, which multiplies patient's risk from life-threatening conditions. We present a case of wandering spleen in an 11-year-old girl with acute abdominal pain, which after ultrasound examination raised suspicion on the right adrenal gland tumor. Additional diagnostics verified an ectopic spleen in the right adrenal box, after which the recommended preventive splenopexy was seriously considered. Due to the fixation of the vital spleen in the new position, but also the negative attitude of the parents towards the surgical intervention, clinical monitoring was selected, with exclusion of intense physical activity that carries the risk of traumatization of the spleen. As the girl has been in good health for over 3 years and without symptoms, we consider that the selection of conservative access although difficult, was correct. We hope that our experience in treating wandering spleen in girls will increase the number of valid facts about this rare condition

Endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of GluA2/3 AMPARs in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation in hippocampal but not cortical neurons

Abstract Global cerebral ischemia results in oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and consequent delayed cell death of vulnerable neurons, with hippocampal CA1 neurons more vulnerable than cortical neurons. Most AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are heteromeric complexes of subunits GluA1/GluA2 or GluA2/GluA3, and the presence of GluA2 renders AMPARs Ca2+-impermeable. In hippocampal CA1 neurons, OGD causes the synaptic expression of GluA2-lacking Ca2+-permeable AMPARs, contributing to toxic Ca2+ influx. The loss of synaptic GluA2 is caused by rapid trafficking of GluA2-containing AMPARs from the cell surface, followed by a delayed reduction in GluA2 mRNA expression. We show here that OGD causes endocytosis, lysosomal targeting and consequent degradation of GluA2- and GluA3-containing AMPARs, and that PICK1 is required for both OGD-induced GluA2 endocytosis and lysosomal sorting. Our results further suggest that GluA1-containing AMPARs resist OGD-induced endocytosis. OGD does not cause GluA2 endocytosis in cortical neurons, and we show that PICK1 binding to the endocytic adaptor AP2 is enhanced by OGD in hippocampal, but not cortical neurons. We propose that endocytosis of GluA2/3, caused by a hippocampal-specific increase in PICK1-AP2 interactions, followed by PICK1-dependent lysosomal targeting, are critical events in determining changes in AMPAR subunit composition in the response to ischaemia

Multiple Promoters and Alternative Splicing: Hoxa5 Transcriptional Complexity in the Mouse Embryo

The genomic organization of Hox clusters is fundamental for the precise spatio-temporal regulation and the function of each Hox gene, and hence for correct embryo patterning. Multiple overlapping transcriptional units exist at the Hoxa5 locus reflecting the complexity of Hox clustering: a major form of 1.8 kb corresponding to the two characterized exons of the gene and polyadenylated RNA species of 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb. This transcriptional intricacy raises the question of the involvement of the larger transcripts in Hox function and regulation.We have undertaken the molecular characterization of the Hoxa5 larger transcripts. They initiate from two highly conserved distal promoters, one corresponding to the putative Hoxa6 promoter, and a second located nearby Hoxa7. Alternative splicing is also involved in the generation of the different transcripts. No functional polyadenylation sequence was found at the Hoxa6 locus and all larger transcripts use the polyadenylation site of the Hoxa5 gene. Some larger transcripts are potential Hoxa6/Hoxa5 bicistronic units. However, even though all transcripts could produce the genuine 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein, only the 1.8 kb form is translated into the protein, indicative of its essential role in Hoxa5 gene function. The Hoxa6 mutation disrupts the larger transcripts without major phenotypic impact on axial specification in their expression domain. However, Hoxa5-like skeletal anomalies are observed in Hoxa6 mutants and these defects can be explained by the loss of expression of the 1.8 kb transcript. Our data raise the possibility that the larger transcripts may be involved in Hoxa5 gene regulation.Our observation that the Hoxa5 larger transcripts possess a developmentally-regulated expression combined to the increasing sum of data on the role of long noncoding RNAs in transcriptional regulation suggest that the Hoxa5 larger transcripts may participate in the control of Hox gene expression

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Information and Communication Technologies Product Market and Protection of Competition in the Republic of Serbia

Starting from the fact that the importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) for the development of a national economy is high, it has been examined how this sector and the situation in individual markets in the sector affect competition policy. All the most important markets of the ICT sector of Serbia are characterized by a high level of concentration measured using the Herfindahl- Hirschman Index (HHI) with a tendency of decrease. In such circumstances, there are three directions of changing approach to competition policy: (1) changing the angle of observation and estimation of the relevant market boundaries; (2) balancing between good and bad parties related to joining in research and development (R&D), and (3) a more attentive attitude towards patents and licenses, as a basis for the protection of intellectual property, but also barriers to entry into new market. What is required of contemporary competition policy is a dichotomous view of the boundaries of relevant product market. One which is focused on the services of one market from the ICT sector and the second one focused on integral observation of linked services from the ICT sector. Moreover, national competition bodies are required to mutually cooperate at a higher level through the formalization of the information exchange protocol. In the segment related to cooperation in the field of research and development and affirmation of intellectual property protection, through patents and licenses, special attention is required from competition policy so as not to impair the welfare of these institutions, while at the same time preventing uncompetitive behavior