Generation of a monodispersed aerosol

The identity and laboratory test methods for the generation of a monodispersed aerosol are reported on, and are subjected to the following constraints and parameters; (1) size distribution; (2) specific gravity; (3) scattering properties; (4) costs; (5) production. The procedure called for the collection of information from the literature, commercial available products, and experts working in the field. The following topics were investigated: (1) aerosols; (2) air pollution -- analysis; (3) atomizers; (4) dispersion; (5) particles -- optics, size analysis; (6) smoke -- generators, density measurements; (7) sprays; (8) wind tunnels -- visualization

Developing and Cultivating Expert Interpreter Competence

This paper explores the way in which 10 professional interpreters develop and cultivate their expert interpreter competence. It draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews and carries forward the previous process- and experience-based account of interpreter skills and (sub)competencies based on the same 90,000 word corpus (cf. Albl-Mikasa 2012). The main points addressed are the requirements that can be learned, the timeline of acquisition of the various (sub)competences, and the ways in which they are further developed. These ways include formal continuous professional development, semi-formal assignment- geared knowledge building, informal off-the-job acquisition of relevant information, on-the-job learning by doing, and the evolvement of savoir-faire in the course of professional life

Express-ability in ELF communication

In ELF research, ample evidence has been collected to show that communication in (dialogic) ELF interactions works and that it does so in intriguingly creative ways. In a questionnaire survey and an in-depth interview study, simultaneous conference interpreters present a less optimistic view with regard to (monologic) mediated multilingual settings, which are increasingly shaped by a growing number of non-native English-speaking participants. Moreover, the interpreters put the adverse effects of ELF speaker output on their cognitive processing down to the speakers' restricted power of expression. This is paralleled by empirical evidence from ELF speakers in TELF (the Tübingen English as a Lingua Franca corpus and database), who put into perspective their general feeling that they can cope in ELF interactions (which is in line with the ELF study findings mentioned above) by voicing dissatisfaction with their restricted capacity of expressing what they want to convey with the required or desired degree of precision. In a theoretical discussion, the Express-ability Principle is introduced to capture the nature of the human effort for expression (complementary to Bartlett's effort after meaning). In the subsequent presentation, sociocultural and psycholinguistic research sheds light on express-ability in the context of ELF by applying Slobin's Thinking for Speaking (TFS) hypothesis to second-language contexts. It reveals the interface between verbal (L1) thinking and externalized (L2) speech and explains expression-related problems in terms of transfer effects in connection with age of acquisition and linguistic environment. This directs further ELF research into the nature of express-ability towards an examination of production processes, developmental and procedural aspects in early and late bilingual ELF speakers, a shared languages benefit to compensate for cross-linguistic transfer and the (relative) effectiveness of unmediated and mediated ELF communicatio

Training video interpreters for refugee languages in the German-speaking DACH countries : the SAVD initiative

Thanks to the availability of appropriate technical solutions as well as growing experience with remote interpreting in various countries, video interpreting has made its way into community interpreting, predominantly in the healthcare sector. It is thought to combine advantages of face-to-face interpreting (e.g. visibility, eye contact, non-verbal communication, visual information and certain trust-building features) with advantages of distance interpreting (e.g. saving travel time and expenses) in facilitating correct diagnosis and obtaining informed consent, compliance, treatment success and patient safety. This article describes a video-interpreting initiative undertaken in the German-speaking DACH area (Germany, Austria, German-speaking part of Switzerland) following the 2015 refugee crisis. It highlights the training measures introduced to address the needs of patients speaking languages for which interpreters are not usually available in Germany and Austria, and the subsequent expansion of the initiative into Switzerland. It also reports on the views of the course participants on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted after training

Formación de intérpretes por videoconferencia para las lenguas de los refugiados en los países de habla alemana dela Dach: la inciativa SAVD

Thanks to the availability of appropriate technical solutions as well as growing experience with remote interpreting in various countries, video interpreting has made its way into community interpreting, predominantly in the healthcare sector. It is thought to combine advantages of face-to-face interpreting (e.g. visibility, eye contact, non-verbal communication, visual information and certain trust-building features) with advantages of distance interpreting (e.g. saving travel time and expenses) in facilitating correct diagnosis and obtaining informed consent, compliance, treatment success and patient safety. This article describes a videointerpreting initiative undertaken in the German-speaking DACH area (Germany, Austria, German-speaking part of Switzerland) following the 2015 refugee crisis. It highlights the training measures introduced to address the needs of patients speaking languages for which interpreters are not usually available in Germany and Austria, and the subsequent expansion of the initiative into Switzerland. It also reports on the views of the course participants on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted after training.La interpretación a distancia por videoconferencia se ha abierto camino en la interpretación comunitaria, predominantemente en el ámbito sanitario, gracias a la disponibilidad de soluciones técnicas apropiadas así como a la creciente experiencia en la interpretación a distancia en diferentes países. La idea es combinar las ventajas de la interpretación en persona (por ejemplo, la perceptibilidad, el contacto visual, la comunicación no verbal, la información visual y aspectos de creación de confianza) con las ventajas de la interpretación a distancia (como, por ejemplo, el ahorro de costos y gastos de trayectos) y, de esta manera, facilitar un diagnóstico correcto y obtener el consentimiento informado, la conformidad, los tratamientos exitosos y la seguridad del paciente. El presente artículo describe las propuestas llevadas a cabo para la interpretación por videoconferencia en los países de habla alemana (Alemania, Austria y la parte germanohablante de Suiza) a raíz de la crisis de refugiados. Se pone especial énfasis en las actividades de formación introducidas con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades de los pacientes que hablan lenguas para cuya interpretación no suele haber intérpretes en Alemania y Austria, así como su introducción subsiguiente en Suiza. Además, se presenta la opinión de los participantes de los cursos en base a una encuesta llevada a cabo después de las actividades de formación

Training Video Interpreters for Refugee Languages in the German-speaking DACH Countries

Abstract: Thanks to the availability of appropriate technical solutions as well as growing experience with remote interpreting in various countries, video interpreting has made its way into community interpreting, predominantly in the healthcare sector. It is thought to combine advantages of face-to-face interpreting (e.g. visibility, eye contact, non-verbal communication, visual information and certain trust-building features) with advantages of distance interpreting (e.g. saving travel time and expenses) in facilitating correct diagnosis and obtaining informed consent, compliance, treatment success and patient safety. This article describes a video-interpreting initiative undertaken in the German-speaking DACH area (Germany, Austria, German-speaking part of Switzerland) following the 2015 refugee crisis. It highlights the training measures introduced to address the needs of patients speaking languages for which interpreters are not usually available in Germany and Austria, and the subsequent expansion of the initiative into Switzerland. It also reports on the views of the course participants on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted after training.Resumen: La interpretación a distancia por videoconferencia se ha abierto camino en la interpretación comunitaria, predominantemente en el ámbito sanitario, gracias a la disponibilidad de soluciones técnicas apropiadas así como a la creciente experiencia en la interpretación a distancia en diferentes países. La idea es combinar las ventajas de la interpretación en persona (por ejemplo, la perceptibilidad, el contacto visual, la comunicación no verbal, la información visual y aspectos de creación de confianza) con las ventajas de la interpretación a distancia (como, por ejemplo, el ahorro de costos y gastos de trayectos) y, de esta manera, facilitar un diagnóstico correcto y obtener el consentimiento informado, la conformidad, los tratamientos exitosos y la seguridad del paciente. El presente artículo describe las propuestas llevadas a cabo para la interpretación por videoconferencia en los países de habla alemana (Alemania, Austria y la parte germanohablante de Suiza) a raíz de la crisis de refugiados. Se pone especial énfasis en las actividades de formación introducidas con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades de los pacientes que hablan lenguas para cuya interpretación no suele haber intérpretes en Alemania y Austria, así como su introducción subsiguiente en Suiza. Además, se presenta la opinión de los participantes de los cursos en base a una encuesta llevada a cabo después de las actividades de formación

ユニバーサルグラビングにおける手指衛生遵守率

Background: The use of gloves for every patient contact (universal gloving) has been suggested as an infection prevention adjunct and alternative to contact precautions. However, gloves may carry organisms unless they are changed properly. In addition, hand hygiene is required before donning and after removing gloves, and there are scarce data regarding glove changing and hand hygiene in a universal gloving setting. Methods: This non-randomized observational before-after study evaluated the effect of education and feedback regarding hand hygiene. Compliance with hand hygiene and glove use was directly observed in a universal gloving setting at a 10-bed intensive care unit in a Japanese tertiary care teaching university hospital. Results: A total of 6,050 hand hygiene opportunities were identified. Overall hand hygiene compliance steadily increased from study period 1 (16.1%) to period 5 (56.8%), although there were indication-specific differences in the baseline compliance, the degree of improvement, and the reasons for non-compliance. There were decreases in the compliance for universal gloving and the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: It is difficult to properly perform glove use and hand hygiene in a universal gloving setting, given its complexity. Direct observation with specific feedback and education may be effective in improving compliance.博士（医学）・甲第671号・平成29年6月28日Copyright © 2017 The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Professionalisierung des Gerichtsdolmetschens im Kanton Zürich: empirische Studie zur Umsetzung der Dolmetscherverordnung

Zürich is the first canton in German-speaking Switzerland to have introduced legally-based quality standards for interpreters working at courts and for public authorities. The 2004 Interpreter’s By-Law (Dolmetscherverordnung) regulates all interpreting and translation work ordered by such cantonal institutions. A special Experts’ Committee (Fachgruppe Dolmetscherwesen) is responsible for implicating the by-law by issuing guidelines for interpreters and their clients. One example of such a guideline is an information sheet for judges (and, by extension) other clients within the judicial system, containing tips on how to work with interpreters. The following article will discuss data from a survey conducted among court interpreters in Zürich (as part of a master thesis, cf. Glass 2010), particularly those parts of the survey that refer directly to the aforementioned information sheet. The main focus lies on the question if, or to what extent, judges actually follow the advice given in such guidelines, and whether interpreters are receiving enough support when preparing and carrying out their work. The results of the survey would seem to suggest that even though regulations are crucial in any attempt to increase professionalisation, only an awareness of the necessity of cooperating with interpreters can truly make a difference.Zürich ist der erste deutschschweizer Kanton, der eine verbindliche Qualitätsnorm für Behörden- und Gerichtsdolmetscher eingeführt hat. Die Dolmetscherverordnung (DolmV) von 2004 regelt sämtliche durch kantonale Gerichte und Behörden erteilten Dolmetsch- und Übersetzungsaufträge. Eine spezielle Fachgruppe hat die Aufgabe, die Anwendung der Dolmetscherverordnung mittels Richtlinien für Dolmetscher und Auftraggeber zu gewährleisten. Ein Beispiel einer solchen Richtlinie ist ein Merkblatt für Richter und (sinngemäss) für Staatsanwälte und Mitarbeiter der Polizei mit Tipps zur Zusammenarbeit mit Dolmetschern. Im folgenden Artikel werden diejenigen Ergebnisse einer (im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit, s. Glass 2010) unter Behörden- und GerichtsdolmetscherInnen im Kanton Zürich durchgeführten Umfrage vorgestellt, die unmittelbar auf das Merkblatt Bezug nehmen. Dabei steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, ob bzw. inwiefern die Ratschläge im Merkblatt auch in der Praxis durch Richter angewendet werden, und ob DolmetscherInnen bei der Vorbereitung und Ausführung ihrer Arbeit genügend unterstützt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage legen nahe, dass Regelungen zwar für eine erhöhte Professionalisierung von entscheidender Bedeutung sind, dass letztendlich jedoch ein Bewusstsein für die Notwendigkeit einer Zusammenarbeit mit den DolmetscherInnen ausschlaggebend ist