Trends of fiscal centralization: Portuguese local government reform

The crisis of the sovereign debt forced Portuguese government to reach out for joint financial help form the IMF (International Monetary Fund), EU (European Union) and ECB (European Central Bank). In the financial agreement terms, IMF/EU/ECB stressed the need of a major redefinition of the local government organization. Nowadays, Portuguese local government is structured in 308 municipalities and 4259 parishes both with elected officials and administrative, financial and patrimonial autonomy. So, Portuguese government was asked to present a consolidation plan to reorganize local entities enhancing service delivery, improve efficiency and reduce cost. The main argument used is that excessive territorial and fiscal fragmentation undermines efficiency. This research seeks to measure the impact of territorial and fiscal fragmentation in local government spending. We begin by looking into Tiebout’s (1956) argument that an optimal level of local expenditures can be defined based on a consumer-voter preference towards public goods and taxation. Then we counterpoin with the opposite argument, used by international agencies, that, bought territorial and fiscal, centralization can produce economies of scale, reduce overlaps, control free riders and promote better accountability (Hendrick et al. 2011) The main objective of the paper is to test the competitive hypothesis that fragmentation/centralization induces higher spending in local government. To test this hypothesis we use a quantitative approach collecting primary financial data assembled from all Portuguese local government. We defined as a dependent variable, the amount of money transferred to parishes in each local government. Then, we use administrative fragmentation index in local government as indicators to measure territorial and population level of fragmentation. With the results of the paper, we hope to contribute to some clarification in the literature about fragmentation and federalist strategies to improve financial sustainability

Local governments budgeting: a portuguese analysis of central dependency

The most recently challenges in Public Management are felt in several countries, which lead to the appearance of a set of innovative initiatives in the field of the Public Administration. This concept, more or less global (kellt, 2001), of administrative reform is known as the New Public Management and appears with the goal to improve the efficiency, the effectiveness and citizen satisfaction in public services. Is mainly based in the introduction of market type mechanism and the adoption of private management tools. It promotes the competition between public and private agents in order to succeed an improvement in service quality, at the same time that it reduces production costs (Hartley, Butler e Benington, 2002, p. 388). According to NPM models presented by Ferlie, Ashburner, Fitzgerald e Pettigrew (1996) that takes into account that there isn’t a clear definition of what it’s the NPN, the agenda of administrative reform in Portugal, is base on the two first’s models. It’s settled in politic of budgetary restriction, decentralization and atomization of Public Administration. Although it’s autonomy, the local governance also is affected by theses options of Central Administration. If in the countries of Anglo-Saxon origin, the model of reform of local power, it’s based in the adoptions of specific programs of management as the Compulsory Competitive Tendering, o Best Value, in Portugal the reality is different. The administrative modernization was made mainly by changes in the administrative organization and in the transfer of power between the different levels of Portuguese Public Administration, rather than by the implementation of specific management programs of modernization. This is due to the classic/continental administrative model which still is the Portuguese administrative mainframe. Reforms nowadays are still being implemented through financial legislation as a way of Central Administration spread reforms ideology to Local Governments. The local administration stars to win relative importance after 24 of April of 1974. This level of administration is characterized by autonomy and decentralization principles. Actually, this local power is guide by a new law of local financial. It’s relevant to analyse and debate the consequence of this new law and understand it’s proposed in a NPM reform context. This paper is based on a Master project and it seeks this objectives. This constitutes a challenge to analyse in comparison with the others the degree of bigger centrality and/or autonomy that the same ones reflected

Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in Angola

Facing chloroquine drug resistance, Angola promptly adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy as the first-line to treat malaria. Currently, the country aims to consolidate malaria control, while preparing for the elimination of the disease, along with others African countries in the region. However, the remarkable capacity of Plasmodium to develop drug resistance represents an alarming threat for those achievements. Herein, the available, but relatively scarce and dispersed, information on malaria drug resistance in Angola, is reviewed and discussed. The review aims to inform but also to encourage future research studies that monitor and update the information on anti-malarial drug efficacy and prevalence of molecular markers of drug resistance, key fields in the context and objectives of elimination

Epidemiologic transition in northern Angola: discussion of cumulative results from CISA (Health Research Centre of Angola)

The 41 years of armed conflict (1961 to 2002) resulted in a poor development of the health care and education infrastructures, and forced the relocation of people to safer places, namely major urban cities like Luanda. This phase was characterized by typical demographic, nutritional and epidemiological profiles. With the end of this period Angola has been repeatedly ranked as one of the three fastest growing economies in the world, and along with the social stabilization and globalization, the country is facing the introduction of new medical technologies, improvement of health sys-tems and services, better access to them, and overall better quality of life. These changes could also be translating into socio-cultural, demographic and nutritional changes which in turn may leading to changes in the epidemiological profile of the country. Thus, the emergence of non-communicable diseases are likely to become an increasingly im-portant public health problem in Angola. Also, considering that several infectious diseases persist, our weakened health system will have to face a double burden. Thus, disease surveillance data on non-communicable diseases to determine their prevalence and impact, along with the major behavioural risk factors like consumption of tobacco, alcohol, diets and physical inactivity are urgently needed

Territórios reais vs territórios virtuais: visões para uma área patrimonial no centro de Portugal

Peer Reviewe

Mesolithic and chalcolithic mandibular morphology: using geometric morphometrics to reconstruct incomplete specimens and analyse morphology

Human skeletal remains are routinely used to examine cultural and biological aspects of past populations. Yet, archaeological specimens are frequently fragmented/incomplete and so excluded from analyses. This leads to decreased sample sizes and to potentially biased results. Digital methods are now frequently used to restore/estimate the original morphology of fragmented/incomplete specimens. Such methods include 3D digitisation and Geometric Morphometrics (GM). The latter is also a solidly established method now to examine morphology. In this study, we use GM-based methods to estimate the original morphology of incomplete Mesolithic and Chalcolithic mandibles originating from present Portugal and perform ensuing morphological analyses. Because mandibular morphology is known to relate to population history and diet, we hypothesised the two samples would differ. Thirty-seven specimens (12 complete and 25 incomplete) were CT-scanned and landmarked. Originally complete specimens were used as reference to estimate the location of absent anatomical landmarks in incomplete specimens. As predicted, our results show shape differences between the two samples which are likely due to the compounded effect of contrasting population histories and diets.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

When hair is the only biological specimen available: Analysis of a mummified scalp fragment

Comunicação Oral realizada, 27th Meeting of the Society of Hair Testing (SOHT), Lisboa (Portugal) 7-9 June 2023Hair testing provides useful and important information in forensic scenarios, as it complements data obtained from other biological specimens. Hair has been used for years to document exposure to drugs in a number of settings, for instance workplace drug testing, drug facilitated crimes and post-mortem toxicology. The authors present a case of decomposed human remains (unidentified) which appeared in a vacant house. A handmade pipe, a mouthpiece, cigarettes and syringes, indicating the consumption of drugs of abuse were found near the body. There was information that the deceased was addicted to drugs, but the specific substances were unknown. No pathological history and/or usual medication, were known, and the cause of death was ignored. The only biological sample available for toxicological analysis was mummified scalp with some hairs. The non-biological samples were analysed by GC-MS, and the following substances were detected: syringe A – cocaine, heroin, phenacetin, paracetamol; syringe B - cocaine, phenacetine, caffeine, nicotine, noscapine; mouthpiece – cocaine; handmade pipe - cocaine and metabolites, phenacetin and metabolites, paracetamol; cigarette A – nicotine and cotinine; cigarette B – nicotine, cotinine, phenacetin, caffeine. These results oriented hair testing to opiates and cocaine, which were analysed by GC-MS after appropriate extraction and clean- up. Hair was positive for cocaine (57 ng/mg), benzoylecgonine (17 ng/mg), norcocaine (2.20 ng/mg), cocaethylene (not quantitated), 6-acethylmorphine (4.65 ng/mg), morphine (4.52 ng/mg), codeine (0.83 ng/mg) and tramadol (0.87 ng/mg). The findings in hair are compatible with those in the paraphernalia; as such, it could be concluded that those objects belonged to the deceased. Hair analysis suggested that this death could be related to the consumption of heroin and cocaine.N/

Cash holdings and business conditions

We investigate the relation between business conditions and corporate liquidity decisions by US firms. We find strong evidence that financially constrained firms hold more cash during recessions and that business conditions are significant to constrained firms’ cash decisions. In contrast, we find weak evidence that financially unconstrained firms adjust cash holdings according to the business cycle. This asymmetric behavior is more pronounced for changes in the short-term interest rate. Moreover, we find that firms increase the level of liquidity during periods of tighter credit conditions. Our findings support both the precautionary motive for holding cash and the pecking order theoryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

VIRTUAL REALITY - SHOWS A NEW VISION FOR TOURISM AND HERITAGE

Observe the heritage, a monument, architecture or a sculpture and immediately receive useful additional information to interpret better. This is one of the promises of virtual reality technology. The concept of virtual reality is far from being a new concept. Many experiments on ways to overcome layers of information, in addition to the real world elements, in live observation, have been made over the past decade, exploring different types of use, in leisure and professional contexts. Improving the perception of reality, in contrast to virtual reality, offers other initiatives that replace the context of a simulated world, and the possibility of using an interactive way to manipulate it in a digitally way. Those are the latest achievements that have opened new evolution perspectives of virtual reality. The idea behind most computer applications is to improve the user interaction with the real world, adding information through the use of tools and techniques that were confined to the digital world. But those applications could be used on tourism orientation in cities and in the professional world, in diverse areas, as architecture in the BIM environment or interior design architecture, with the projection of elements like the furniture and could be visualized in the virtual space. The ability to draw, could verify and share new realities, that was already being exploited by companies, which add new layers of information to be used in their catalogs and products that literally transform the hybrid PC, tablets and smartphones customer in additional information sources, that lead to know better what is observed, but in tourism and heritage that virtual reality is being used more intensively. Virtual Reality could be a good way to travel and understand the touristic world

Relationship between usual physical, cognitive and social activities and functional recovery at hospital discharge after acute stroke

Objective: To assess the relationship between lifestyle prior to the event and functional recovery at hospital discharge after acute stroke. Design: Cohort study. Patients: A sample of 191 patients with first stroke episode (87.4% ischaemic). Methods: Severity of the event at admission was measured by the Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The Frenchay Activity Index was used to evaluate the patients’ previous lifestyles. Functional recovery was assessed using the Modified Rankin scale on discharge from hospital. A Rankin score ≤ 2 was the main outcome. Results: At discharge, 37.2% of the patients were functionally independent. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis established a value of ≥ 18 on the Frenchay Activity Index scale as the best cut-off point to predict favourable outcome (specificity 62%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 54–69% and a sensibility of 60%; 95% CI 49–69%) with an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% CI 0.57–0.71). There was a positive association between Frenchay Activity Index ≥ 18 and a Rankin score ≤ 2, after controlling for potential confounders (odds ratio 2.62; 95% CI 1.21–5.66; p = 0.001). Conclusion: This result emphasizes the protective effect of mental, physical and social activity for the prevention of functional damage after an acute cerebrovascular event