Textile terminologies

International audienceWritten sources from the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean, from the third to the first millennia BC, provide a wealth of terms for textiles. The twenty-two chapters in the present volume offer the first comprehensive survey of this important material, with special attention to evidence for significant interconnections in textile terminology among languages and cultures, across space and time. For example, the Greek word for a long shirt, khiton , ki-to in Linear B, derives from a Semitic root, ktn . But the same root in Akkadian means linen, in Old Assyrian a garment made of wool, and perhaps cotton, in many modern languages. These and numerous other instances underscore the need for detailed studies of both individual cases and the common threads that link them. This example illustrates on the one hand how connected some textiles terms are across time and space, but it also shows how very carefully we must conduct the etymological and terminological enquiry with constantly changing semantics as the common thread. The survey of textile terminologies in 22 chapters presented in this volume demonstrates the interconnections between languages and cultures via textiles.Les restes textiles sont exceptionnels pour le Proche-Orient ancien à l’exception notable de l’Égypte. En revanche, la richesse et la variété de la documentation textuelle, représente une source d’information unique sur les textiles, leur production et leur usage. Il s’agissait d’explorer cette terminologie de manière diachronique et d’analyser les paramètres qui influencent les changements sémantiques et l’adoption de nouveaux termes. La terminologie relative aux textiles naît et a évolué en parallèle avec les innovations techniques, les découvertes, les modes et les réseaux commerciaux. Les mots désignant les outils, la technologie et les textiles se sont développés au-delà des millénaires pour répondre à une demande sans cesse renouvelée. Le colloque, puis le volume, ont rassemblé des études sur les terminologies textiles dans les langues sémitiques et indo-européennes, ainsi que des analyses d’autres champs de la recherche, archéologie, iconographie, ethnoarchéologie et archéologie expérimentale.À l’issu de ces travaux, il ne fait aucun doute que les textiles génèrent un vocabulaire compréhensif via le développement des technologies et l’émergence d’occupations spécialisées et de division du travail. Le développement du vêtement et l’expérimentation avec des vêtements drapés, fibules et autres systèmes de fermeture, puis le prêt-à-porter a généré d’autres mots pour les éléments de l’habit, pour la combinaison des éléments et pour l’ensemble

Human Parainfluenza Type 4 Infections, Canada

During the fall/winter season of 2004–05, we found 9 respiratory specimens positive for human parainfluenza virus type 4 (HPIV-4) in our laboratory (43% of all HPIVs) from patients with mild to moderate respiratory illnesses. Sequencing studies identified 8 different HPIV-4A strains and 1 HPIV-4B strain

Changes to the Natural Killer Cell Repertoire after Therapeutic Hepatitis B DNA Vaccination

BACKGROUND: Improvements to the outcome of adaptive immune responses could be achieved by inducing specific natural killer (NK) cell subsets which can cooperate with dendritic cells to select efficient T cell responses. We previously reported the induction or reactivation of T cell responses in chronic hepatitis B patients vaccinated with a DNA encoding hepatitis B envelope proteins during a phase I clinical trial. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we examined changes in the peripheral NK cell populations occurring during this vaccine trial using flow cytometry analysis. Despite a constant number of NK cells in the periphery, a significant increase in the CD56(bright) population was observed after each vaccination and during the follow up. Among the 13 different NK cell markers studied by flow cytometry analysis, the expression of CD244 and NKG2D increased significantly in the CD56(bright) NK population. The ex vivo CD107a expression by CD56(bright) NK cells progressively increased in the vaccinated patients to reach levels that were significantly higher compared to chronically HBV-infected controls. Furthermore, modifications to the percentage of the CD56(bright) NK cell population were correlated with HBV-specific T cell responses detected by the ELISPOT assay. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These changes in the CD56(bright) population may suggest a NK helper effect on T cell adaptive responses. Activation of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system by DNA immunization may be of particular importance to the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in a context of chronic infections. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00988767

Impact of hepatitis B virus basic core promoter mutations on T cell response to an immunodominant HBx-derived epitope

The hepatitis B X (HBx) protein is a crucial component in HBV infection in vivo and has been implicated in HCC. In this study, we aimed to detect and characterize peripheral HBx-specific T cells in chronically infected patients at the inactive carrier state of the disease. HBx-specific IFN-gamma-secreting T cells were found in 36 of 52 patients (69%), and 78% (28/36) of responding patients had T cells targeting epitopes in the carboxy-terminal part of HBx. IL-10 secretion after the stimulation of T cells with HBx-derived peptides was weak or undetectable. IFN-gamma-secreting T cells recognized a previously unknown immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope, HBx 126-140 (EIRLKVFVLGGCRHK), in 86% (24 of 28) of patients. This peptide bound several HLA-DR molecules (HLA-DRB1*0101, HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DRB1*1301, and HLA-DRB5*0101). Its coding sequence overlaps a domain of the HBV genome encompassing the basic core promoter (BCP) region. Taking into account the selection of viral core promoter mutants during HBV infection, we found that HBV variants with BCP mutations were present in patient sera. We further demonstrated that these viral mutant sequences activated T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope only weakly, if at all. This is the first study linking BCP mutations and HBx-specific T cell responses.CONCLUSION:Wild-type and variant peptides may represent potential tools for monitoring the HBV-specific T cell responses involved in sequence evolution during disease progression. Finally, the degenerate HLA-DR binding of this promiscuous, immunodominant peptide would make it a valuable component of vaccines for protecting large and ethnically diverse patient populations

Use of collective expertise as a tool to reinforce food safety management in Africa

The Erasmus+ project (2017-2020) entitled Societal Challenges and Governance of African Universities: the case of ALIments in Morocco, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal (DAfrAli) seeks to strengthen the governance capacity of African Higher Education Institutions to mobilize their resources in order to respond to major societal challenges in relation to external stakeholders. A work package consisted of organizing three workshops to use Collective Expertise as a tool for the identification of societal risks, in the area of food safety. These three workshops were conducted in Morocco, in Senegal and in Democratic Republic of Congo. The exercise was performed by country academics with the contribution of the European project partners. Collective Expertise gave results that demonstrated that, with a careful and diversified selection of experts, this methodology can have a deep importance to list the food hazards in a country. The results obtained can induce changes in university curricula, showed the social impacts of food safety, unveiled research needs and training needs for different agents in the food sector and above all the impact in food policy in a country. The collective expertise approach of the determination of hazards also permitted to discuss possible organization models for food risk management in the 3 countries

Early childhood factors associated with peer victimization trajectories from 6 to 17 years of age

OBJECTIVES: To describe (1) the developmental trajectories of peer victimization from 6 to 17 years of age and (2) the early childhood behaviors and family characteristics associated with the trajectories. METHODS: We used data from 1760 children enrolled in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, a population-based birth cohort. Participants self-reported peer victimization at ages 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, and 17 years. Participants’ behavior and family characteristics were measured repeatedly between ages 5 months and 5 years. RESULTS: We identified 4 trajectories of peer victimization from 6 to 17 years of age: low (32.9%), moderate-emerging (29.8%), childhood-limited (26.2%), and high-chronic (11.1%). Compared with children in the low peer victimization trajectory, children in the other 3 trajectories were more likely to exhibit externalizing behaviors in early childhood, and those in the high-chronic and moderate-emerging trajectories were more likely to be male. Paternal history of antisocial behavior was associated with moderate-emerging (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–2.19) and high-chronic (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.25–2.99) relative to low peer victimization. Living in a nonintact family in early childhood was associated with childhood-limited (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.11–1.97) and high-chronic (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.09–2.31) relative to low peer victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood externalizing behaviors and family vulnerabilities were associated with the development of peer victimization. Some children entered the cascade of persistent peer victimization at the beginning of primary school. Support to these children and their families early in life should be an important component of peer victimization preventive interventions

Etude des Effets Antianémiques d’un Complément Alimentaire à Base de Feuilles de Jatropha gossypiifolia chez des Rats Wistar

L’anémie constitue l’un des problèmes de santé publique les plus répandus au monde. Le présent travail a pour objectif d’évaluer les propriétés antianémiques des feuilles de Jatropha gossypiifolia (FJG) en l’utilisant comme complément alimentaire chez des rats Wistar. Ainsi, après un screening phytochimique, une étude toxicologique de l’extrait aqueux de la plante a été réalisée sur des souris femelles. En vue d’évaluer l’effet antianémique de cette plante, 5 lots de 5 rats Wistar mâles ont été constitués et une anémie hémolytique a été induite chez 4 lots (II à V) par administration de 20 mg/kg PC de 2,4-dinitrophénylhydrazine pendant 7 jours. Ensuite, tous ces rats ont été nourris pendant 14 jours suivant l’induction d’anémie comme suit : lot I : régime normal (témoin normal),  lot II : régime normal (témoin négatif), lot III : régime normal+ Ranferon® (témoin positif), lot IV : régime normal +10% de FJG et lot V : régime normal+ 20% de FJG. Les résultats montrent que les FJG contiennent des stérols, polyterpènes, composés phénoliques, flavonoïdes, quinones, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et saponosides. Par ailleurs l’extrait aqueux de feuilles n’est pas toxique par voie orale. En outre, les régimes alimentaires à base de FJG ont, tout comme le Ranferon® rétabli partiellement ou totalement les différents paramètres hématologiques mesurés à la fin de l’expérimentation. Ces résultats indiquent que J. gossypiifolia possède des propriétés antianémiques.   Anaemia is one of the most widespread public health problems in the world. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-anaemic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves (JGL) by using it as a food supplement in Wistar rats. Thus, after a phytochemical screening, a toxicological study of the aqueous extract of the plant was carried out on female mice. In order to evaluate the anti-anaemic effect of this plant, 5 groups of 5 male Wistar rats were formed and haemolytic anaemia was induced in 4 groups (II to V) by administration of 20 mg/kg BW of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for 7 days. Then, all these rats were fed for 14 days following the induction of anaemia as follows: group I: normal diet (normal control), group II: normal diet (negative control), group III: normal diet + Ranferon® (positive control), group IV: normal diet + 10% JGL and group V: normal diet + 20% JGL. The results showed that JGL contained sterols, polyterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, quinones, catechic tannins, alkaloids and saponosides. Moreover, the aqueous leaf extract was not toxic orally. In addition, JGL-based diets, like Ranferon®, partially or totally restored the various haematological parameters measured at the end of the experiment. These results indicated that J. gossypiifolia had anti-anaemic properties

Etude des Effets Antianémiques d’un Complément Alimentaire à Base de Feuilles de Jatropha gossypiifolia chez des Rats Wistar

L’anémie constitue l’un des problèmes de santé publique les plus répandus au monde. Le présent travail a pour objectif d’évaluer les propriétés antianémiques des feuilles de Jatropha gossypiifolia (FJG) en l’utilisant comme complément alimentaire chez des rats Wistar. Ainsi, après un screening phytochimique, une étude toxicologique de l’extrait aqueux de la plante a été réalisée sur des souris femelles. En vue d’évaluer l’effet antianémique de cette plante, 5 lots de 5 rats Wistar mâles ont été constitués et une anémie hémolytique a été induite chez 4 lots (II à V) par administration de 20 mg/kg PC de 2,4-dinitrophénylhydrazine pendant 7 jours. Ensuite, tous ces rats ont été nourris pendant 14 jours suivant l’induction d’anémie comme suit : lot I : régime normal (témoin normal),  lot II : régime normal (témoin négatif), lot III : régime normal+ Ranferon® (témoin positif), lot IV : régime normal +10% de FJG et lot V : régime normal+ 20% de FJG. Les résultats montrent que les FJG contiennent des stérols, polyterpènes, composés phénoliques, flavonoïdes, quinones, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et saponosides. Par ailleurs l’extrait aqueux de feuilles n’est pas toxique par voie orale. En outre, les régimes alimentaires à base de FJG ont, tout comme le Ranferon® rétabli partiellement ou totalement les différents paramètres hématologiques mesurés à la fin de l’expérimentation. Ces résultats indiquent que J. gossypiifolia possède des propriétés antianémiques.   Anaemia is one of the most widespread public health problems in the world. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-anaemic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves (JGL) by using it as a food supplement in Wistar rats. Thus, after a phytochemical screening, a toxicological study of the aqueous extract of the plant was carried out on female mice. In order to evaluate the anti-anaemic effect of this plant, 5 groups of 5 male Wistar rats were formed and haemolytic anaemia was induced in 4 groups (II to V) by administration of 20 mg/kg BW of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for 7 days. Then, all these rats were fed for 14 days following the induction of anaemia as follows: group I: normal diet (normal control), group II: normal diet (negative control), group III: normal diet + Ranferon® (positive control), group IV: normal diet + 10% JGL and group V: normal diet + 20% JGL. The results showed that JGL contained sterols, polyterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, quinones, catechic tannins, alkaloids and saponosides. Moreover, the aqueous leaf extract was not toxic orally. In addition, JGL-based diets, like Ranferon®, partially or totally restored the various haematological parameters measured at the end of the experiment. These results indicated that J. gossypiifolia had anti-anaemic properties

Etude Toxicologique et Effet Antianémique d’Un Complément Alimentaire à Base de Feuilles de Jatropha gossypiifolia chez des Rats Wistar

L’anémie est l’un des problèmes de santé publique les plus répandus au monde. Le présent travail a pour objectif de valoriser l’utilisation de d’évaluer l’utilisation de Jatropha gossypiifolia(FJG). Des procedés standards sont utilisés pour caracteriser les grands groupes chimique contenus dans la poudre des feuilles de Jatropha gossipiifolia. 2 lots de 5 souris femelles  ont été constitués. Le premier lot (témoin) a reçu de l’eau distillé et le second a été traité avec une dose unique de 5000 mg/kg de PC de l’extrait aqueux de FJG par gavage. 5 lots de 5 rats Wistar mâles ont été constitués et une anémie hémolytique a été induite chez 4 lots (II à V). 20 mg/kg de poids corporel (PC) de 2,4-dinitrophénylhydrazine sont administrés  pendant 7 jours. Ensuite, tous ces rats ont été nourris pendant les 14 jours qui ont suivi l’induction d’anémie : lot I : régime normal (témoin normal),  lot II : régime normal (témoin négatif), lot III : régime normal+50 mg/kg de PC de Ranferon® (témoin positif), lot IV : régime normal+10% de FJG et lot V :régime normal+ 20% de FJG. Les résultats montrent que les FJG contiennent des stérols, polyterpènes, composés phénoliques, flavonoïdes, quinones, tanins catéchiques, alcaloïdes et saponosides. Par ailleurs l’extrait aqueux de feuilles de J. gossypiifolia n’a entrainé aucun decès et n’a pas varié le poids corporel des souris dans nos conditions expérimentales. En outre, les régimes alimentaires à base de FJG ont, tous comme le Ranferon® rétabli partiellement ou totalement les différents paramètres hématologiques mesurés à la fin de l’expérimentation. Cette etude nous montre que  J. gossypiifolia possède des composés chimiques dont les polyphenols. L’extrait aqueux de feuilles de J. gossipiifolia n’est pas toxique par voie orale et  possède des propriétés antianémiques.   Anemia is one of the most widespread public health problems in the world. The present work aims to evaluate the antianemic effect of the leaves of Jatropha gossypiifolia (FJG). Standard methods are used to characterize the major chemical groups contained in the leaf powder of Jatropha gossipiifolia. 2 batches of 5 female mice were formed. The first batch (control) received distilled water and the second was treated with a single dose of 5000 mg/kg BW of the aqueous extract of FJG by gavage. 5 batches of 5 male Wistar rats were formed and hemolytic anemia was induced in 4 batches (II to V). 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is administered for 7 days. Then, all these rats were fed for the 14 days following the induction of anemia: batch I: normal diet (normal control), batch II: normal diet (negative control), batch III: normal diet+50 mg /kg BW of Ranferon® (positive control), batch IV: normal diet + 10% FJG and batch V: normal diet + 20% FJG. The results show that FJGs contain sterols, polyterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, quinones, catechic tannins, alkaloids and saponosides. Moreover, the aqueous extract of leaves of J. gossypiifolia did not cause any death and did not change the body weight of mice under our experimental conditions. In addition, the FJG-based diets, like Ranferon®, partially or totally restored the various haematological parameters measured at the end of the experiment. This study shows us that J. gossypiifolia has chemical compounds including polyphenols. The aqueous leaf extract of J. gossipiifolia is non-toxic orally and has anti-anaemic properties