Survival of salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of pig waste

A utilização de biodigestores no meio rural tem aumentado em função de sua capacidade de tratar os dejetos de origem animal, associada à geração de energia. Entretanto, uma vez que a destinação dos efluentes destes sistemas é o uso como fertilizantes do solo, faz-se necessária a investigação da capacidade de sobrevivência de agentes potencialmente patogênicos aos animais e ao homem nestes sistemas. Considerando que os suínos são portadores assintomáticos de salmonelas e que este microrganismo tem capacidade de sobreviver no solo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de bactérias do gênero Salmonella em sistema anaeróbio para o tratamento de dejetos suínos. Em um sistema constituído por um reator anaeróbio acidogênico com capacidade para 20 L seguido por um reator anaeróbio metanogênico com capacidade para 40 L, ambos em acrílico, carregado com dejetos provenientes de uma granja negativa para salmonelas, inocularam-se 106ufc de Salmonella Typhimurium por mL de dejeto. Em amostras do dejeto antes deste ser transferido ao sistema anaeróbio de tratamento e no efluente do sistema, depois de decorridos sete dias de tratamento, determinou-se o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de salmonelas. Verificou-se redução no número médio de salmonelas após o tratamento, verificando-se NMP médio de 4,14Log10 no material de carga do sistema e 2,73 Log10 NMP no efluente. O uso de reatores anaeróbicos deve ser entendido como parte de um sistema integrado para o tratamento de resíduos orgânicos de origem animal, possibilitando segurança na destinação dos efluentes ao ambiente.The use of biodigesters in rural areas has increased due to its ability to treat animal waste, associated with energy generation. However, since the destination of the effluents from these systems is to be used as soil fertilizers, it is necessary to investigate the survival capacity of potentially pathogenic agents to animals and man in these systems. Considering that pigs are asymptomatic carriers of salmonella and that this microorganism has the ability to survive in the soil, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the survival of bacteria of the genus Salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of swine manure. In a system consisting of an acidogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 20 L followed by a methanogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 40 L, both in acrylic, loaded with waste from a negative farm for salmonella, 106ufc of Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated per mL of waste. In samples of the manure before it was transferred to the anaerobic treatment system and in the system effluent, after seven days of treatment, the Most Likely Number (PWN) of salmonella was determined. There was a reduction in the average number of salmonella after treatment, with an average NMP of 4.14Log10 in the system loading material and 2.73 Log10 NMP in the effluent. The use of anaerobic reactors must be understood as part of an integrated system for the treatment of organic residues of animal origin, enabling safety in the disposal of effluents to the environment

Scientific research with individuals post stroke: difficulties in recruitment, allocation and adherence on two different protocols of physiotherapy intervention

Este estudo busca analisar as dificuldades no recrutamento, alocação e aderência de indivíduos com hemiparesia pós AVE no desenvolvimento de dois Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECR). Para tanto, foram extraídas informações de dois ECR que investigaram pacientes com hemiparesia devido ao Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE), residentes na Grande Florianópolis, com idade superior a 40 anos. Nos ECR foram realizadas intervenções baseadas no treinamento orientado à tarefa e avaliações em três momentos distintos (pré, pós, seguimento). Os cálculos amostrais determinaram a necessidade de 54 participantes para o Estudo I e 36 para o Estudo II. Os dados quantitativos foram tratados através da estatística descritiva e as informações qualitativas através da análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que dos 127 potenciais participantes, não foi possível contatar 18,1%, e 5,5% vieram a óbito. Na pré-seleção, 6,3% estavam internados/acamados, 7% não tinham interesse e 4,7% não tinham condições de transporte. Durante a alocação, 33% foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de elegibilidade. Dentre os 32 pacientes que permaneceram nos estudos, 16% faltaram ao Estudo I e 2,5% ao Estudo II. Dados de contato equivocados, falta de recursos para transporte, critérios de elegibilidade e ausência de interesse foram os fatores que mais dificultaram o recrutamento dos indivíduos. Portanto, pode-se sugerir que a melhora entre os centros de pesquisa e as instituições, o registro adequado dos contatos, o acesso aos registros clínicos, a disponibilidade de recursos financeiros para auxílio ao recrutamento e transporte e o aumento do financiamento para ECR podem melhorar a viabilidade deste tipo de estudo no Brasil.This study analyze the difficulties in recruitment, allocation and adherence of individuals with hemiparesis after stroke in the development of two randomized clinical trials (RCTs). For this, data were extracted from two RCTs that investigated patients with hemiparesis due to stroke, living in Florianópolis, aged over 40 years. RCTs interventions were based to task-oriented training and were performed evaluations at three different times (pre, post, follow-up). The sample calculations determined the need of 54 participants for Study I and 36 for Study II. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative information through the content analysis. It was found that of 127 potential participants, it was not possible to contact 18.1%, and 5.5% came to death. In preselection 6.3% were hospitalized/bedridden, 7% had no interest and 4.7% were unable to transport. During allocation 33% were excluded for not meeting the eligibility criteria. Among 32 patients who remained in the study, 16% missed the Study I and 2.5% the Study II. Wrong contact data, lack of resources for transportation, eligibility criteria and lack of interest were the factors that hindered the recruitment of subjects. Therefore, we suggested that the relations improvement between research centers and institutions, the proper recording of contacts, access to clinical records, the availability of financial resources to support the recruitment and transportation and increased funding for RCTs can improve the viability of this type of study in Brazil.Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo analizar las dificultades en el reclutamiento, destinación y adherencia de sujetos con hemiparesia post accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) en el desarrollo de dos Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados (ECA). Para eso, se recolectó informaciones de dos ECAs los que hicieron estudios con pacientes portadores de hemiparesia debido al ACV, que vivían en la ciudad de Florianópolis, Brasil, con edad superior a 40 años. En los ECAs se han hecho intervenciones basadas en la capacitación orientada a la tarea y evaluaciones en tres ocasiones distintas (pre, post, seguimiento). Los cálculos de la muestra determinan la necesidad de 54 participantes para el Estudio I y 36 para el Estudio II. Los datos cuantitativos se han tratados a través de la estadística descriptiva y las informaciones cualitativas a través del análisis del contenido. Se han comprobado que de los 127 potenciales participantes, no ha sido posible contactarse con el 18,1%, el 5,5% fallecieron. En la preselección, el 6,3% estaban hospitalizados/encamados, el 7% no tenían interés y el 4,7% no tenían condiciones de transporte. Durante la determinación, el 33% han sido excluidos por no cumplir los criterios de elegibilidad. Entre los 32 pacientes que han permanecido en los estudios, el 16% no han comparecido al Estudio I y el 2,5% al Estudio II. Los datos de contacto equivocados, la falta de recursos para el transporte, los criterios de elegibilidad y el ausente interés en participación han sido los factores que más causaron dificultades al reclutamiento de los sujetos. Por lo tanto, se puede hacer una sugerencia a la mejora entre los centros de investigación y las instituciones, el registro adecuado de contactos, el acceso a los registros clínicos, la disponibilidad de recursos financieros para auxiliar en el reclutamiento y transporte y el aumento de los fondos para la ECA pueden ayudar a mejorar la viabilidad de este tipo de estudio en el Brasil

Timoma canino- relato de caso: Thymoma canine- case report

Timomas são neoplasias de timo, localizados no mediastino, sendo o segundo tumor mais frequente encontrado neste local, contudo é um tumor raro em cães. Essa neoplasia afeta cães idosos, não havendo predisposição por raça ou sexo. Timomas são classificados em benignos ou malignos dependendo do grau de invasão nas estruturas adjacentes, metástases, ocorrência de síndromes paraneoplásicas e na possibilidade de ressecção cirúrgica. O tratamento de eleição é a timectomia, porém existem também a quimioterapia e radioterapia, estas não possuem o objetivo de cura. O prognóstico é dependente do grau de malignidade do timoma. O objetivo é relatar um caso de um canino com um timoma maligno inoperável e que foi realizado quimioterapia para citorredução

Composição do leite e diagnóstico de mastite em caprinos

Background:   Milk is one of the most used foodstuffs by humans in their diet. The quality of goat milk is already regulated by Law, which takes into consideration its physical-chemical and microbiological composition parameters. Several factors contribute for the alteration of the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of caprine milk. These include breed, age, lactation phase and diet, among others. The health status of animals may interfere in the quality of the milk produced, both regarding food safety and milk processing and, for that reason, the identification of mastitis-causing agents is important, so that prevention and control measures can be implemented. The present study aimed at analyzing the occurrence of mastitis and the milk composition of dairy goats in a semi-intensive production system. Materials, Methods & Results: In a private goat farm with a flock composed of 32 female animals of breeds such as Saanen and Anglo-Nubian, raised on a semi-confined system, the diagnosis of mastitis was made through methods such as California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Count (SCC) and bacterial isolation. A total of 136 milk samples were analyzed, which were individualized per teat. Additionally, the study determined the volume of milk produced individually and the chemical composition of milk samples (fat, raw protein, lactose and total solids). In 37 (27.2%) samples, subclinical mastitis caused by CNS was identified. A negative response to CMT was observed in 125 (91.92%) samples. Only four samples presented a coincidence (OR=1.239) between CMT and bacterial isolation (P=0.7470). It was observed that the daily milk production ranged between 207.90 mL and 2.68 L. Moreover, it became clear that the milk production in half of the teats with subclinical mastitis was smaller (P=0.0026). A tendency to a significant reduction (p< 0.001) in the percentage of fat and total solids was verified. The lactose percentage remained stable during the four months, and that of protein showed a tendency to reduction (

Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective

Attribution of extreme events is a challenging science and one that is currently undergoing considerable evolution. In this paper are 19 analyses by 18 different research groups, often using quite different methodologies, of 12 extreme events that occurred in 2012. In addition to investigating the causes of these extreme events, the multiple analyses of four of the events, the high temperatures in the United States, the record low levels of Arctic sea ice, and the heavy rain in northern Europe and eastern Australia, provide an opportunity to compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the various methodologies. The differences also provide insights into the structural uncertainty of event attribution, that is, the uncertainty that arises directly from the differences in analysis methodology. In these cases, there was considerable agreement between the different assessments of the same event. However, different events had very different causes. Approximately half the analyses found some evidence that anthropogenically caused climate change was a contributing factor to the extreme event examined, though the effects of natural fluctuations of weather and climate on the evolution of many of the extreme events played key roles as well.Peer Reviewe