230 research outputs found
Collegiate Athletic Directors as Entrepreneurs
One can define entrepreneurship, at its most basic level, as rent-seeking behavior. This behavior can be productive, as when firms innovate to create new or better products or when they enter a market to increase output where price exceeds marginal cost. Rent-seeking can also be unproductive, particularly when it interfaces with the public sector. In such cases, firms may try to create or preserve rents by securing monopoly power from the government. Traditionally, economists have analyzed rent-seeking behavior solely in the private and government sectors of the economy. I extend the concept to the not-for-profit sector, in particular to the sphere of higher education. Specifically, I construct a simple model of rent-seeking behavior by colleges and universities, as seen by their decisions to fund some sports and not fund others. While I associate the funding decision with the collegiate athletic directors, one can just as easily attribute the decisions I describe to the president or board of trustees of the university. The findings show why football and, to a lesser extent, men?s basketball tend to dominate intercollegiate athletics. They also demonstrate why schools sometimes differ in the sports they offer and why Title IX poses such a dilemma for college athletics. Finally, they show that appealing to “government†– in the form of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) – may result in productive rent-seeking behavior rather than unproductive behavior. In the next section, I introduce the notion of the athletic director as entrepreneur. In Section II, I present the basic model of how athletic directors behave. In Section III, I extend the model to show how the NCAA and Title IX affect the basic model. A conclusion follows
The Majority of Yeast UPF1 Co-localizes with Polyribosomes in the Cytoplasm
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the UPF1 protein is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA
decay, the accelerated turnover of mRNAs containing a nonsense mutation. Several lines
of evidence suggest that translation plays an important role in the mechanism of
nonsense mRNA decay, including a previous report that nonsense mRNAs assemble in
polyribosomes. In this study we show that UPF1 and ribosomal protein Li co-localize in
the cytoplasm and that UPF1 co-sediments with polyribosomes. To detect UPF1, three
copies of the influenza hemagglutinin epitope were placed at the C-terminus. The tagged
protein, UPF1-3EP, retains 86% (± 5%) of function. Using immunological detection, we
found that UPF1-3EP is primarily cytoplasmic and was not detected either in the nucleus
or in the mitochondrion. UPF1-3EP and Li co-distributed with polyribosomes fractionated
in a 7-47% sucrose gradient. The sucrose sedimentation profiles for UPF1-3EP and
Li exhibited similar changes using three different sets of conditions that altered the
polyribosome profile. When polyribosomes were disaggregated, UPF1-3EP and Li accumulated
in fractions coincident with 80S ribosomal particles. These results suggest that
UPF1-3EP associates with polyribosomes. L3 and S3 mRNAs, which code for ribosomal
proteins of the 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits, respectively, were on average about
100-fold more abundant than UPF1 mRNA. Assuming that translation rates for L3, S3,
and UPF1 mRNA are similar, this result suggests that there are far fewer UPF1 molecules
than ribosomes per cell. Constraints imposed by the low UPF1 abundance on the
functional relationships between UPF1, polyribosomes, and nonsense mRNA turnover
are discussed
The Lantern Vol. 28, No. 2, Spring 1961
• A New Bedlam • A Priori • Germ Warfare • Verse for a Sympathy Card • On Lamartine\u27s Crucifix • On Art • Hope • Hymn to the Morning • An Educator Speaks • Come Out • Insemination • A Day\u27s Hope • Laura • Walking Together • 20 September 1960 • 15 October 1960 • The Governor\u27s Dog • One of the Gang • Poem • Knowledge is Freedom • To Conservative Child • Seventeen American Skating Careers at the Zenithhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1080/thumbnail.jp
Using Spatial Econometric Techniques to Analyze the Joint Employment Decisions of Spouses
Aerobic glycolysis as a marker of tumor aggressiveness: Preliminary data in high grade human brain tumors
Objectives. Glucose metabolism outside of oxidative phosphorylation, or aerobic glycolysis (AG), is a hallmark of active cancer cells that is not directly measured with standard 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, we characterized tumor regions with elevated AG defined based on PET measurements of glucose and oxygen metabolism. Methods. Fourteen individuals with high-grade brain tumors underwent structural MR scans and PET measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRGlu) metabolism, and AG, using 15O-labeled CO, O2 and H2O, and FDG, and were compared to a normative cohort of 20 age-matched individuals. Results. Elevated AG was observed in most high-grade brain tumors and it was associated with decreased CMRO2 and CBF, but not with significant changes in CMRGlu. Elevated AG was a dramatic and early sign of tumor growth associated with decreased survival. AG changes associated with tumor growth were differentiated from the effects of nonneoplastic processes such as epileptic seizures. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that high-grade brain tumors exhibit elevated AG as a marker of tumor growth and aggressiveness. AG may detect areas of active tumor growth that are not evident on conventional FDG PET
Impact of Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay on the Global Expression Profile of Budding Yeast
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic mechanism of RNA surveillance that selectively eliminates aberrant transcripts coding for potentially deleterious proteins. NMD also functions in the normal repertoire of gene expression. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hundreds of endogenous RNA Polymerase II transcripts achieve steady-state levels that depend on NMD. For some, the decay rate is directly influenced by NMD (direct targets). For others, abundance is NMD-sensitive but without any effect on the decay rate (indirect targets). To distinguish between direct and indirect targets, total RNA from wild-type (Nmd(+)) and mutant (Nmd(−)) strains was probed with high-density arrays across a 1-h time window following transcription inhibition. Statistical models were developed to describe the kinetics of RNA decay. 45% ± 5% of RNAs targeted by NMD were predicted to be direct targets with altered decay rates in Nmd(−) strains. Parallel experiments using conventional methods were conducted to empirically test predictions from the global experiment. The results show that the global assay reliably distinguished direct versus indirect targets. Different types of targets were investigated, including transcripts containing adjacent, disabled open reading frames, upstream open reading frames, and those prone to out-of-frame initiation of translation. Known targeting mechanisms fail to account for all of the direct targets of NMD, suggesting that additional targeting mechanisms remain to be elucidated. 30% of the protein-coding targets of NMD fell into two broadly defined functional themes: those affecting chromosome structure and behavior and those affecting cell surface dynamics. Overall, the results provide a preview for how expression profiles in multi-cellular eukaryotes might be impacted by NMD. Furthermore, the methods for analyzing decay rates on a global scale offer a blueprint for new ways to study mRNA decay pathways in any organism where cultured cell lines are available
Relative Burden of Cancer and Noncancer Mortality Among Long-Term Survivors of Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer in the US
IMPORTANCE: Improvements in cancer outcomes have led to a need to better understand long-term oncologic and nononcologic outcomes and quantify cancer-specific vs noncancer-specific mortality risks among long-term survivors.
OBJECTIVE: To assess absolute and relative cancer-specific vs noncancer-specific mortality rates among long-term survivors of cancer, as well as associated risk factors.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study included 627 702 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry with breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer who received a diagnosis between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2014, who received definitive treatment for localized disease and who were alive 5 years after their initial diagnosis (ie, long-term survivors of cancer). Statistical analysis was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Survival time ratios (TRs) were calculated using accelerated failure time models, and the primary outcome of interest examined was death from index cancer vs alternative (nonindex cancer) mortality across breast, prostate, colon, and rectal cancer cohorts. Secondary outcomes included subgroup mortality in cancer-specific risk groups, categorized based on prognostic factors, and proportion of deaths due to cancer-specific vs noncancer-specific causes. Independent variables included age, sex, race and ethnicity, income, residence, stage, grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, prostate-specific antigen level, and Gleason score. Follow-up ended in 2019.
RESULTS: The study included 627 702 patients (mean [SD] age, 61.1 [12.3] years; 434 848 women [69.3%]): 364 230 with breast cancer, 118 839 with prostate cancer, and 144 633 with colorectal cancer who survived 5 years or more from an initial diagnosis of early-stage cancer. Factors associated with shorter median cancer-specific survival included stage III disease for breast cancer (TR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.53-0.55) and colorectal cancer (colon: TR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.58-0.62; rectal: TR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.69-0.74), as well as a Gleason score of 8 or higher for prostate cancer (TR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.58-0.63). For all cancer cohorts, patients at low risk had at least a 3-fold higher noncancer-specific mortality compared with cancer-specific mortality at 10 years of diagnosis. Patients at high risk had a higher cumulative incidence of cancer-specific mortality than noncancer-specific mortality in all cancer cohorts except prostate.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study is the first to date to examine competing oncologic and nononcologic risks focusing on long-term adult survivors of cancer. Knowledge of the relative risks facing long-term survivors may help provide pragmatic guidance to patients and clinicians regarding the importance of ongoing primary and oncologic-focused care
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