Новий погляд на проблему української бідності

Статья посвящена формированию нового взгляда на проблему украинской бедности через призму современных социально-экономических реалий в Украине и в мировом сообществе. В роботе рассматриваются различные определения бедности по монетарным и немонетарным признакам и их пригодность для оценки ситуации в Украине.The article is devoted to forming of the new look to the problem of Ukrainian poverty through the prism of modern socio-economic realities in Ukraine and in the world. Different criteria of poverty determination by monetary and nonmonetary signs and their fitness to the estimation of situation in Ukraine are examined

Дослідження глобалізаційних процесів вітчизняними вченими

Аналізуються окремі праці вітчизняних учених у сфері дослідження проблематики глобалізаційного розвитку. Розглянуті головні положення наукових поглядів авторів у вивченні процесів трансформації держави, суспільства, інститутів політики та пра­ва. Обгрунтовано пріоритети політичної інституціоналізації сучасного світу на заса­дах гуманізації, інтелектуалізації та соціалізації.Анализируются отдельные работы отечественных ученых в области исследования проблематики глобализационного развития. Рассмотрены главные положения научных взглядов авторов в изучении процессов трансформации государства, общества, инсти­тутов политики и права. Обосновано приоритеты политической институционализа­ции современного мира на основе гуманизации, интеллектуализации и социализации.Separate works of domestic scientists in area research problematics of globalization development are analyzed. The main positions of scientific views of authors in studying of processes of transformation of the state, a society, policy and right institutionalization are considered. It is proved priorities political institute the modern world on the basis of a human­ization, intellectualization and socialization

Cell wall disassembly is delayed by rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene silencing: potential role in fruit firmness

Strawberry fruits greatly reduce their quality due to softening during ripening with economically important losses. Texture changes of fleshy fruits during ripening are mainly due to middle lamellae dissolution, cell-to-cell adhesion losses and wall weakening of parenchyma cells by the coordinated action of several cell wall enzymes. Pectin degradation has been proven a key factor in strawberry softening by functional analysis of several pectinase genes (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase and -galactosidase). The complexity and highly dynamic nature of pectins remains a challenge to fully elucidate structure-function relationships of pectins. In this work, we present the functional analysis of two independent strawberry transgenic lines with more than 95% silencing of a rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene (FaRGLyase1). Firmness of ripe fruit was significantly higher in both transgenic lines than in the control. Cell walls from these fruits were extracted and analyzed by glycan microarray profiling. This high‐throughput technique allows a wide screening of cell-wall glycan occurrence based on the detection of specific cell wall oligosaccharide epitopes by monoclonal antibodies and reveals profiles which can be used as potential fingerprints specific for a singular organ and/or developmental stage. Our microarray results showed that the silencing of FaRGLyase1 reduced degradation of several rhamnogalacturonan-I related epitopes, as expected. Additionally, comparison of transgenic cell walls from ripe fruits with those extracted from control fruits at different developmental stages (green, white and red) by hierarchical clustering, demonstrated a higher similarity of transgenic fruit cell walls with the control cell walls from fruits at the white stage. Glycan microarray profiles revealed less degraded fruit cell walls as result of FaRGLyase1 down-regulation which could contribute to the increased firmness of transgenic fruitsUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Isolation and transfection of strawverry protoplasts for gene editing

Strawberry is the most economically important soft fruit. The improvement of the organoleptic qualities of ripe fruit and the postharvest shelf life are main objectives of strawberry breeding programs. Fruit softening is mainly due to the disassembly of cell walls and the dissolution of middle lamella. In strawberry, functional analyses of genes encoding polygalacturonases (PGs) indicate that these enzymes play a key role in fruit softening, i.e. the antisense downregulation of PG genes FaPG1 or FaPG2 increased fruit firmness and postharvest shelf life (Paniagua et al., 2020). These results suggest that PG encoding genes are excellent targets for gene editing to improve strawberry fruit quality. Transfection of protoplasts with CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes is currently being explored in many species to produce DNA-free edited plants. In this research, a protocol for strawberry protoplasts transfection has been optimized with the final goal of producing non-transgenic strawberry plants with the FaPG1 gene edited. Protoplasts were isolated from 9 weeks old in vitro grown plants of Fragaria x ananassa, cv. ‘Chandler’, micropropagated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of BA. Protoplast extraction and purification was performed as described by Barceló et al. (2019). Using this protocol, a yield of 1 x 105 protoplast/g fresh tissue was obtained and nearly 50-70% of them were viable. Protoplasts were transfected with the plasmid pHBT-sGFP(S65T)-NOS using a PEG-mediated transformation system, as reported by Yoo et al. (2007). To improve the efficiency of protoplast transfection, different variables were evaluated: PEG concentration, time of incubation on PEG and DNA concentration. At 48 h after transfection, the highest percentage of protoplasts showing GFP expression, 18%, was obtained with 15 minutes incubation in 20% of PEG and 5 µg of DNA

Downregulation of NAC transcription factors modifies cell wall composition and increases strawberry fruit firmness

The strawberry is a soft fruit with a very short post-harvest shelf life. The changes in texture during fruit ripening are mainly due to the dissolution of the middle lamellae, reducing cell-to-cell adhesion, and the weakening of parenchymal cell walls as result of the action of cell wall modifying enzymes. At present, no master regulator of this process has been discovered yet. NAC transcription factors have been involved in numerous physiological processes, including fruit ripening. In strawberry, the NAC family comprises more than 110 genes, and at least 6 of them are expressed during fruit development. In this research, we performed a functional analysis of two ripening-related NAC genes, FaNAC2 and FaNAC3, in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Chandler. Several RNAi transgenic lines showing low FaNAC2 or FaNAC3 mRNA levels in fruit were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. These lines produced fruits significantly firmer than control at the ripe stage, being the increase in firmness higher in FaNAC2 silenced plants. Cell walls were extracted from ripe transgenic fruits and characterized by ELISA and Epitope Detection Chromatography (EDC), using monoclonal antibodies against different polysaccharide epitopes. FaNAC2 transgenic lines showed more extensive changes than FaNAC3; these modifications involved increased amounts of demethylated pectins (LM19) in water and CDTA fractions and an alteration of the lateral branches of RG-I, decreasing the amount of arabinan epitopes and increasing galactan epitopes detected by LM6 and LM5, respectively. The amount of arabinogalactan proteins recognized by the JIM13 antibody was also affected, decreasing in the Na2CO3 fraction and increasing in the 4M KOH and cellulase fraction of the transgenic lines.The results obtained indicate that NAC genes could be involved in the regulation of cell wall disassembly associated to strawberry fruit softening.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Biological control agents against Fusarium wilt of banana

Open Access JournalIn the last century, the banana crop and industry experienced dramatic losses due to an epidemic of Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) race 1. An even more dramatic menace is now feared due to the spread of Foc tropical race 4. Plant genetic resistance is generally considered as the most plausible strategy for controlling effectively such a devastating disease, as occurred for the first round of FWB epidemic. Nevertheless, with at least 182 articles published since 1970, biological control represents a large body of knowledge on FWB. Remarkably, many studies deal with biological control agents (BCAs) that reached the field-testing stage and even refer to high effectiveness. Some selected BCAs have been repeatedly assayed in independent trials, suggesting their promising value. Overall under field conditions, FWB has been controlled up to 79% by using Pseudomonas spp. strains, and up to 70% by several endophytes and Trichoderma spp. strains. Lower biocontrol efficacy (42–55%) has been obtained with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Bacillus spp., and non-pathogenic Fusarium strains. Studies on Streptomyces spp. have been mostly limited to in vitro conditions so far, with very few pot-experiments, and none conducted in the field. The BCAs have been applied with diverse procedures (e.g., spore suspension, organic amendments, bioformulations, etc.) and at different stages of plant development (i.e., in vitro, nursery, at transplanting, post-transplanting), but there has been no evidence for a protocol better than another. Nonetheless, new bioformulation technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, formulation of microbial consortia and/or their metabolites, etc.) and tailor-made consortia of microbial strains should be encouraged. In conclusion, the literature offers many examples of promising BCAs, suggesting that biocontrol can greatly contribute to limit the damage caused by FWB. More efforts should be done to further validate the currently available outcomes, to deepen the knowledge on the most valuable BCAs, and to improve their efficacy by setting up effective formulations, application protocols, and integrated strategies

High-throughput mapping of cell wall glycans to unveil cell wall disassembly, a key process determining strawberry fruit softening

The short shelf life of strawberry fruit is a major limitation that produces important economic losses related to postharvest spoiling. Fruit texture of fleshy fruits is a complex trait but mainly rely on mechanical properties of parenchyma cell walls. Several studies support the relevance of cell wall modifying enzymes on cell wall deconstruction, decreasing cell wall strength and cell to cell adhesion, and ultimately producing the softening of the fruit at macroscopic level. Previous studies on our group showed that transgenic silencing of ripening-specific genes encoding some of these enzymes reduced softening and increased postharvest shelf life in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa, cv. ‘Chandler’) fruits. In this research, to further investigate the cell wall remodelling process associated to strawberry softening a high-throughput analysis of cell wall composition based on monoclonal antibodies against different polysaccharide epitopes has been performed. To this purpose, cell walls were isolated from non-transgenic fruits at different developmental stages as well as from ripe fruits of selected transgenic lines with genes involved in metabolism of pectins (pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, pectin acetil esterase), hemicellulose/cellulose (endo-β-glucanase) or lignin (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) down-regulated. These transgenic lines showed a large variability in fruit firmness at ripening. Cell walls were fractionated and subjected to a carbohydrate microarray. The results obtained unveiled a common pattern of cell wall composition on those transgenic lines with firmer phenotypes, specially defined by the higher content of pectins on those cell wall fractions more imbricated in the matrix, which can be interpreted as a less degraded cell wall structure.This research was supported by FEDER EU Funds and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (grant reference AGL2017-86531-C2-1-R). Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction

[EN] Understanding the nature of pathogen host interaction may help improve strawberry (Fragaria x anahassa) cultivars. Plant resistance to pathogenic agents usually operates through a complex network of defense mechanisms mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. In strawberry, resistance to a variety of pathogens has been reported to be mostly polygenic and quantitatively inherited, making it difficult to associate molecular markers with disease resistance genes. Colletotrichum acutaturn spp. is a major strawberry pathogen, and completely resistant cultivars have not been reported. Moreover, strawberry defense network components and mechanisms remain largely unknown and poorly understood. Assessment of the strawberry response to C. acutatum included a global transcript analysis, and acidic hormones SA and JA measurements were analyzed after challenge with the pathogen. Induction of transcripts corresponding to the SA and JA signaling pathways and key genes controlling major steps within these defense pathways was detected. Accordingly, SA and JA accumulated in strawberry after infection. Contrastingly, induction of several important SA, JA, and oxidative stress-responsive defense genes, including FaPR1-1, FaLOX2, FaJAR1, FaPDF1, and FaGST1, was not detected, which suggests that specific branches in these defense pathways (those leading to FaPR1-2, FaPR2-1, FaPR2-2, FaAOS, FaPR5, and FaPR10) were activated. Our results reveal that specific aspects in SA and JA dependent signaling pathways are activated in strawberry upon interaction with C. acutatum. Certain described defense-associated transcripts related to these two known signaling pathways do not increase in abundance following infection. This finding suggests new insight into a specific putative molecular strategy for defense against this pathogen.Authors are grateful to Dr. JM Lopez-Aranda (IFAPA-Centro de Churriana) for providing micropropagated strawberry plants and to Nicolas Garcia-Caparros for technical assistance. Authors also want to thank Kevin M. Folta for his insightful comments on the paper. This work was supported by Junta de Andalucia, Spain [Proyectos de Excelencia P07-AGR-02482/P12-AGR-2174, and grants to Grupo-BIO278].Amil-Ruiz, F.; Garrido-Gala, J.; Gadea Vacas, J.; Blanco-Portales, R.; Munoz-Merida, A.; Trelles, O.; De Los Santos, B.... (2016). Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7(1036). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01036S71036Acosta, I. F., & Farmer, E. E. (2010). Jasmonates. The Arabidopsis Book, 8, e0129. doi:10.1199/tab.0129Al-Shahrour, F., Diaz-Uriarte, R., & Dopazo, J. (2004). 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