In vitro development of sugarcane seedlings using ethephon or gibberellin

The use of plant growth regulators is directly related to the success of in vitro propagation, which is an advantageous alternative to obtain seedlings on a commercial scale. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro development of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings after the addition of different doses of ethephon (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) or gibberellic acid (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg L-1) to the culture medium. Ethephon increased the number of tillers (up to 231.70%), reduced height of the main tiller (44.66 to 60.47%), and did not affect the shoot´s fresh and dry mass. On the other hand, gibberellin decreased the number of tillers and negatively changed biomass partitioning. It is concluded that the use of ethephon is a potential strategy to enhance in vitro production of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings, since it increased the number of usable shoots in subsequent subcultures, and its effects on height reduction can be reversible. However, the use of the tested doses of gibberellic acid is not recommended, because it impaired seedling development of this sugarcane variety.The use of plant growth regulators is directly related to the success of in vitro propagation, which is an advantageous alternative to obtain seedlings on a commercial scale. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro development of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings after the addition of different doses of ethephon (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) or gibberellic acid (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg L-1) to the culture medium. Ethephon increased the number of tillers (up to 231.70%), reduced height of the main tiller (44.66 to 60.47%), and did not affect the shoot´s fresh and dry mass. On the other hand, gibberellin decreased the number of tillers and negatively changed biomass partitioning. It is concluded that the use of ethephon is a potential strategy to enhance in vitro production of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings, since it increased the number of usable shoots in subsequent subcultures, and its effects on height reduction can be reversible. However, the use of the tested doses of gibberellic acid is not recommended, because it impaired seedling development of this sugarcane variety

Estudo Vida e Saúde em Pomerode (SHIP-Brazil): objetivos, aspectos metodológicos e resultados descritivos

Background Few studies compared populations with similar genetic and culture background on different continents with standardized methods. Objective To describe methodological issues of the Study of Health in Pomerode - SHIP-Brazil and some characteristics of the participants of the baseline examination. Design and Setting Prospective, population-based cohort study of a representative sample of residents (aged 20 to 79 years) of Pomerode, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods Data for the baseline survey (from 2014 to 2018) were collected through interviews and medical examinations, including socio-demographic and lifestyle information, clinical and subclinical conditions, oral and mental health, among others. Biosamples (blood, urine, stool, and saliva) were collected and stored. Methods of data collection and quality control are described. Preliminary descriptive statistics were performed. Results The response rate was 67.6% (n=2,488 individuals). The Kappa test-retest of some variables varied from 0.54 to 1.0. German culture participants are older (46.5 vs 38.7 years), self-declared white (97.3% vs 82.1%), more frequently never smokers (71.4% vs 66.9%) but had higher risk of consuming alcohol (16.9% vs 13.4%) compared to participants with non-German background. Germans were taller (169 cm vs 166 cm), had greater abdominal circumference among men (101.9 cm vs 97.3 cm). Furthermore, they reported more multimorbidity (56.7% vs 43.6%) , had more arterial hypertension (30.7% vs 18.5%), but less depression (15.4% vs 19,1%) than non-Germans. Conclusions The interaction of genetic and social/environmental issues should be examined to understand the role of risk factors on clinical conditions observed.Introdução Poucos estudos compararam populações com histórico genético e cultural semelhante em diferentes continentes com métodos padronizados. Objetivos Descrever questões metodológicas do estudo de “Vida e Saúde em Pomerode - SHIP-Brazil” e algumas características dos participantes do exame inicial do estudo. Desenho de estudo e local Estudo de coorte prospectivo de base populacional em amostra representativa de moradores (20 a 79 anos) de Pomerode, Santa Catarina. Métodos As informações para a linha de base (de 2014 a 2018) foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas e exames médicos, incluindo dados sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida, condições clínicas e subclínicas, saúde bucal e mental, entre outros. Amostras biológicas (sangue, urina, fezes e saliva) foram coletadas e armazenadas. A coleta de dados e o controle de qualidade foram descritos. Foram realizadas análises descritivas preliminares. Resultados A taxa de resposta foi de 67,6% (n=2.488 indivíduos). O Kappa teste-reteste de algumas variáveis variou  de 0,54 a 1,0. Os participantes de cultura alemã são mais velhos (46,5 vs 38,7 anos ), autodeclarados brancos (97,3% vs 82,1%), com menor número de fumantes (71,4% vs 66,9%), mas tiveram maior risco de consumir álcool (16,9% vs 13,4%), eram mais altos (169 cm vs 166 cm), tinham maior circunferência abdominal entre os homens (101,9 cm vs 97,3 cm) em comparação com participantes “não-alemães”. Pessoas de cultura alemã relataram mais multimorbidade (56,7% vs 43,6%), apresentavam mais hipertensão arterial (30,7% vs 18,5%), mas menos depressão (15,4% vs 19,1%). Conclusões A interação genética e social/ambiental devem ser examinadas para melhor entender o papel desses fatores de risco nas condições clínicas observadas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Effects of gibberellin and ethephon on the initial development and on some technological parameters of sugarcane.

A cana-de-açúcar é uma das principais e dos mais antigos cultivos do Brasil, ocupando lugar de destaque na economia do país devido à produção de açúcar e etanol. Atualmente, São Paulo é o principal estado produtor, impulsionando a economia brasileira devido as suas grandes áreas plantadas. O uso de reguladores vegetais vem se tornando uma prática rotineira, objetivando maximizar o potencial produtivo das culturas, promovendo melhorias na qualidade, otimizando os resultados agroindustriais e econômicos. Giberelina é um hormônio conhecido como promotor de crescimento e alongamento das plantas. O ethephon é um maturador vegetal muito utilizado na cultura da cana, promovendo a liberação de etileno quando em contato com o tecido vegetal. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a eficácia dos reguladores vegetais giberelina (GA) e ethephon (CEPA) aplicados em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento inicial, na morfologia e aspectos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar. Para isso foram efetuados quatro experimentos. As concentrações aplicadas de GA (0; 10; 25; 50 e 75 mg L-1) e CEPA (0; 225; 450; 900 e 1000 mg L-1), foram iguais nos dois primeiros experimentos. O primeiro experimento foi realizado no Horto Experimental do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da ESALQ/USP, com a pulverização dos toletes, com dez repetições e o segundo foi realizado na Estação Experimental da Syngenta em Holambra com a pulverização de plantas jovens (na soqueira), com quatro repetições, sendo que os parâmetros biométricos foram avaliados quinzenalmente até aos 90 dias após o plantio (DAP). O terceiro experimento foi efetuado em casa de vegetação no Horto Experimental do Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da ESALQ/USP, sendo que para a avaliação dos parâmetros tecnológicos no início do desenvolvimento, pulverizaram-se toletes com GA 50 mg L-1 e CEPA 900 mg L-1 além do controle, utilizando-se de cinco repetições. As amostras foram coletadas e congeladas, para posteriores análises tecnológicas. No quarto experimento, avaliou-se a aplicação dos reguladores vegetais in vitro, onde se aplicou GA (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1) e CEPA (0; 25; 50; 100; 200 mg L-1), com 5 repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste F, e comparados pelo teste de Tukey à 5% de probabilidade. No primeiro experimento, a aplicação de GA nos toletes reduziu de forma geral o desenvovimento inicial das plantas, enquanto os tratamentos com CEPA apresentaram resultados promissores ao desenvolvimento inicial, quando os parâmetros avaliados foram os perfilhos. No segundo experimento, a aplicação de GA em soqueira aumentou a altura da planta, sendo que CEPA retardou a altura das plantas e incrementou o número de perfilhos. No terceiro experimento, nas avaliações tecnológicas, GA e CEPA afetaram temporariamente os teores de açúcares totais produzidos nas folhas. No colmo, CEPA e GA afetaram de forma geral os parâmetros tecnológicos, reduzindo as atividades das invertases e os açúcares redutores e totais e No quarto experimento, a aplicação in vitro de GA, reduziu o número de perfilhos, enquanto aplicação de CEPA incrementou o número de perfilhos e reduziu a altura das plantas.Sugarcane is one of the major and oldest crops in Brazil, taking a prominent place in the economy because of the production of sugar and ethanol. Currently, Sao Paulo is the main producing state, boosting the Brazilian economy due to its large planted areas. The use of plant regulators has become a routine practice, aiming to maximize the yield potential of crops, improving quality, optimizing results for the agroindustry and economy. Gibberellin is a plant hormone known as a regulator of plant growth and elongation. Ethephon is a growth regulator widely used in maturing sugarcane cultivation, allowing the release of ethylene when in contact with the plant tissue. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of plant regulators gibberellin (GA) and ethephon (CEPA), applied at different stages of early development, on the morphology and technological aspects of sugarcane. To that end, four experiments were performed. The concentrations of GA (0; 10; 25; 50 and 75 mg L-1) and CEPA (0; 225; 450; 900 and 1000 mg L-1), were equal in the first two experiments. The first experiment was conducted in the Experimental Garden of the Department of Biological Sciences, ESALQ / USP, by spraying of cuttings, with ten repetitions. The second was conducted at Syngenta\'s experimental station in Holambra, by spraying the young plants (at stumps) with four replicates, and biometric parameters were measured fortnightly until 90 days after planting (DAP). The third experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Experimental Garden of the Department of Biological Sciences, ESALQ / USP, and for the evaluation of technological parameters in early development, cuttings were sprayed with GA 50 mg L-1 and CEPA 900 mg L-1 besides the control, using five replicates. Samples were collected and frozen for later technological analysis. In the fourth experiment, the application of plant regulators in vitro was evaluated, where GA (0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 mg L-1) and CEPA (0; 25; 50; 100; 200 mg L-1) were applied with five replicates. The results were submitted to variance analysis by F test and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. In the first experiment, the application of GA reduced, in general terms, the initial development of plants whereas treatments with CEPA had promising results in early development, regarding the tillering. In the second experiment, the application of GA increased plant height, while the CEPA retarded plant height and increased the number of tillers. In the third experiment in technological assessments, GA and CEPA temporarily affected the contents of total sugars in the leaves. In the stem, GA and CEPA affected, in general, technological parameters, reducing the activities of invertase as well as those of the reducing and total sugars. In the fourth experiment, the application of GA in vitro decreased the number of tillers, while the treatment with CEPA increased the number of tillers and delayed the plant height

Methods for reducing woolliness and maintaining quality of \'Douradão\' peach under refrigeration

O pêssego é um fruto de alta perecibilidade, deteriorando-se rapidamente em temperatura ambiente. Dessa forma, é necessário o uso da refrigeração para prolongar o período de conservação. Entretanto, o uso de baixas temperaturas pode promover danos por frio, como a lanosidade, limitando o armazenamento e a aceitação pelos consumidores. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de técnicas pós-colheita na redução da lanosidade e na conservação da qualidade de pêssego \'Douradão\' armazenado sob refrigeração. As técnicas utilizadas foram: aplicação de etileno, 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), condicionamento térmico e atmosfera modificada passiva. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro experimentos. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de etileno em diferentes tempos de armazenamento, combinado ou não com a aplicação de 1-MCP na saída câmara fria (SCF). No segundo experimento avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes tempos de exposição dos frutos ao condicionamento térmico (24 ou 48h). No terceiro experimento avaliou-se o efeito combinado da aplicação de etileno antes da refrigeração com embalagens de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 60 ou 80 μm e o 1-MCP na SCF. No quarto experimento foi avaliado o efeito combinado do condicionamento térmico (24 ou 48 h) e o PEBD (60 ou 80 μm). Em todos os experimentos os frutos foram armazenados a 0°C por 30 ou 40 dias (+ 3 dias de comercialização simulada a 25°C). Os tratamentos com a aplicação de etileno, independente do momento da aplicação e do uso ou não de 1-MCP na SCF, reduziram a lanosidade, sem afetar os demais atributos de qualidade, ampliando a conservação para 30+3 dias. A aplicação de 1-MCP na SCF não afetou a qualidade dos frutos de maneira geral. Os tratamentos com condicionamento térmico de 24 e 48 h reduziram a lanosidade até os 30+3 dias. No entanto, o tratamento de 48 h intensificou a perda de massa, a solubilização das pectinas e a podridão, reduzindo a qualidade dos frutos. Os tratamentos de aplicação de etileno e PEBD de 60 μm, com ou sem 1-MCP na SCF, reduziram a lanosidade, a perda de massa e proporcionaram maiores valores de compostos fenólicos, capacidade antioxidante e ângulo de cor aos 30+3 dias. A aplicação de etileno e PEBD de 80 μm com ou sem 1-MCP SCF foi eficiente na redução da lanosidade e na manutenção dos demais atributos de qualidade até os 40+3 dias. O condionamento térmico de 24 ou 48 h e PEBD de 60 ou 80 μm reduziram a lanosidade e a perda de massa, e resultaram em maior atividade da poligalacturonase e capacidade antioxidante, e maiores teores de compostos fenólicos. A aplicação de etileno e PEBD de 80 μm, com ou sem 1-MCP na SCF, são os melhores tratamentos para essa cultivar, ampliando a vida útil dos frutos para 40 dias sob refrigeração.The peach is a highly perishable fruit, deteriorating rapidly at room temperature. Thus, the use of cold storage is necessary to prolong the shelf life. However, the use of low temperatures can promote chilling injuries, like woolliness, limiting the storage and the consumer acceptance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of postharvest techniques in reducing woolliness and the storage of the \'Douradão\' peach under refrigeration, aiming the increase the shef life of the fruit. The techniques used were: application of ethylene, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), heat treatment and passive modified atmosphere. The work was divided into four experiments. The first experiment evaluated the effects of ethylene application on different storage times, combined or not with the application of 1-MCP after the cold storage (ACS). The second experiment evaluated the effect of different exposure times of fruit to the heat treatment (24 or 48 hours). The third experiment evaluated the effects of exogenous ethylene combined with low density polyethylene (LDPE) packages of 60 or 80 μm before cold storage combined or not with 1-MCP ACS. In the fourth experiment, it was verified the combined effects of heat treatment (24 or 48 h) and LDPE of 60 or 80 μm. In all experiments the fruit were stored at 0°C for 30 or 40 days (plus 3 days of simulated marketing at 25°C). The treatments with the application of ethylene, regardless the time of application and the use or not of 1-MCP ACS, reduced woolliness without effect on other quality attributes, increasing storage to 30+3 days. The application of 1-MCP ACS did not affect the overall quality of the fruit. The heat treatment of 24 and 48 h reduced woolliness for 30+3 days. However, treatment of 48 h intensified weight loss, decay and solubilization of pectin, reducing the fruit quality. The treatments using ethylene application and LDPE 60 μm with or without 1-MCP ACS reduced the woolliness, weight loss and showed higher values of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and color angle for 30+3 days. The application of LDPE and ethylene 80 μm with or without 1-MCP ACS was effective in reducing woolliness and maintaining other quality attributes until 40+3 days. Heat treatment 24 or 48 h and LDPE 60 or 80 μm reduced woolliness and weight loss, besides presenting greater activity of polygalacturonase, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, expanding the storage to 30+3 days. The application of LDPE 80 μm and ethylene with or without 1-MCP ACS are the best treatments for this cultivar, extending the shelf life of fruits under refrigeration to 40 days

In vitro development of sugarcane seedlings using ethephon or gibberellin

The use of plant growth regulators is directly related to the success of in vitro propagation, which is an advantageous alternative to obtain seedlings on a commercial scale. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro development of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings after the addition of different doses of ethephon (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) or gibberellic acid (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg L-1) to the culture medium. Ethephon increased the number of tillers (up to 231.70%), reduced height of the main tiller (44.66 to 60.47%), and did not affect the shoot´s fresh and dry mass. On the other hand, gibberellin decreased the number of tillers and negatively changed biomass partitioning. It is concluded that the use of ethephon is a potential strategy to enhance in vitro production of ‘IAC 95-5000’ sugarcane seedlings, since it increased the number of usable shoots in subsequent subcultures, and its effects on height reduction can be reversible. However, the use of the tested doses of gibberellic acid is not recommended, because it impaired seedling development of this sugarcane variety

The Role of Flavonoids on Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy

Backgrounds. Oxidative stress can result from excessive free-radical production and it is likely implicated as a possible mechanism involved in the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis. Flavonoids can protect the brain from oxidative stress. In the central nervous system (CNS) several flavonoids bind to the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA-receptor resulting in anticonvulsive effects. Objective. This review provides an overview about the role of flavonoids in oxidative stress in epilepsy. The mechanism of action of flavonoids and its relation to the chemical structure is also discussed. Results/Conclusions. There is evidence that suggests that flavonoids have potential for neuroprotection in epilepsy