64 research outputs found

    Numerical simulations of shocks encountering clumpy regions

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    We present numerical simulations of the adiabatic interaction of a shock with a clumpy region containing many individual clouds. Our work incorporates a sub-grid turbulence model which for the first time makes this investigation feasible. We vary the Mach number of the shock, the density contrast of the clouds, and the ratio of total cloud mass to inter-cloud mass within the clumpy region. Cloud material becomes incorporated into the flow. This "mass-loading" reduces the Mach number of the shock, and leads to the formation of a dense shell. In cases in which the mass-loading is sufficient the flow slows enough that the shock degenerates into a wave. The interaction evolves through up to four stages: initially the shock decelerates; then its speed is nearly constant; next the shock accelerates as it leaves the clumpy region; finally it moves at a constant speed close to its initial speed. Turbulence is generated in the post-shock flow as the shock sweeps through the clumpy region. Clouds exposed to turbulence can be destroyed more rapidly than a similar cloud in an "isolated" environment. The lifetime of a downstream cloud decreases with increasing cloud-to-intercloud mass ratio. We briefly discuss the significance of these results for starburst superwinds and galaxy evolution.Comment: 17 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

    Climate Indicators for Agriculture

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    The Climate Indicators for Agriculture report presents 20 indicators of climate change, carefully selected across multiple agricultural production types and food system elements in the United States. Together, they represent an overall view of how climate change is influencing U.S. agriculture and food systems. Individually, they provide useful information to support management decisions for a variety of crop and livestock production systems. The report includes multiple categories of indicators, including physical indicators (e.g., temperature, precipitation), crop and livestock (e.g., animal heat stress), biological indicators (e.g., pests), phenological indicators (e.g. seasonality), and socioeconomic indicators (e.g., total factor productivity)

    Demonstration of the temporal matter-wave Talbot effect for trapped matter waves

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    We demonstrate the temporal Talbot effect for trapped matter waves using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. We investigate the phase evolution of an array of essentially non-interacting matter waves and observe matter-wave collapse and revival in the form of a Talbot interference pattern. By using long expansion times, we image momentum space with sub-recoil resolution, allowing us to observe fractional Talbot fringes up to 10th order.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figure

    Azimuthal anisotropy at RHIC: the first and fourth harmonics

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    We report the first observations of the first harmonic (directed flow, v_1), and the fourth harmonic (v_4), in the azimuthal distribution of particles with respect to the reaction plane in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Both measurements were done taking advantage of the large elliptic flow (v_2) generated at RHIC. From the correlation of v_2 with v_1 it is determined that v_2 is positive, or {\it in-plane}. The integrated v_4 is about a factor of 10 smaller than v_2. For the sixth (v_6) and eighth (v_8) harmonics upper limits on the magnitudes are reported.Comment: 6 pages with 3 figures, as accepted for Phys. Rev. Letters The data tables are at http://www.star.bnl.gov/central/publications/pubDetail.php?id=3

    Pion, kaon, proton and anti-proton transverse momentum distributions from p+p and d+Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV

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    Identified mid-rapidity particle spectra of π±\pi^{\pm}, K±K^{\pm}, and p(pˉ)p(\bar{p}) from 200 GeV p+p and d+Au collisions are reported. A time-of-flight detector based on multi-gap resistive plate chamber technology is used for particle identification. The particle-species dependence of the Cronin effect is observed to be significantly smaller than that at lower energies. The ratio of the nuclear modification factor (RdAuR_{dAu}) between protons (p+pˉ)(p+\bar{p}) and charged hadrons (hh) in the transverse momentum range 1.2<pT<3.01.2<{p_{T}}<3.0 GeV/c is measured to be 1.19±0.051.19\pm0.05(stat)±0.03\pm0.03(syst) in minimum-bias collisions and shows little centrality dependence. The yield ratio of (p+pˉ)/h(p+\bar{p})/h in minimum-bias d+Au collisions is found to be a factor of 2 lower than that in Au+Au collisions, indicating that the Cronin effect alone is not enough to account for the relative baryon enhancement observed in heavy ion collisions at RHIC.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. We extended the pion spectra from transverse momentum 1.8 GeV/c to 3. GeV/

    Mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton ratio from Au+Au collisions at sNN=130 \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV

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    We report results on the ratio of mid-rapidity anti-proton to proton yields in Au+Au collisions at \rts = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of y<0.5|y|<0.5 and 0.4 <pt<<p_t< 1.0 GeV/cc, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat.)±0.07(syst.)0.65\pm 0.01_{\rm (stat.)} \pm 0.07_{\rm (syst.)} for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the pp-\pb pair production becomes important at mid-rapidity, a significant excess of baryons over anti-baryons is still present.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev. Let

    Transverse-momentum ptp_t correlations on (η,ϕ)(\eta,\phi) from mean-ptp_{t} fluctuations in Au-Au collisions at sNN=\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV

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    We present first measurements of the pseudorapidity and azimuth (η,ϕ)(\eta,\phi) bin-size dependence of event-wise mean transverse momentum fluctuations for Au-Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV. We invert that dependence to obtain ptp_t autocorrelations on differences (ηΔ,ϕΔ)(\eta_\Delta,\phi_\Delta) interpreted to represent velocity/temperature distributions on (η,ϕ\eta,\phi). The general form of the autocorrelations suggests that the basic correlation mechanism is parton fragmentation. The autocorrelations vary strongly with collision centrality, which suggests that fragmentation is strongly modified by a dissipative medium in the more central Au-Au collisions relative to peripheral or p-p collisions. \\Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
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