6,371 research outputs found
The effect of walking speed on the foot inter-segment kinematics, ground reaction forces and lower limb joint moments
Background: Normative foot kinematic and kinetic data with
different walking speeds will benefit rehabilitation programs
and improving gait performance. The purpose of this study was
to analyze foot kinematics and kinetics differences between
slow walking (SW), normal walking (NW) and fast walking (FW)
of healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 10 healthy male
subjects participated in this study; they were asked to carry
out walks at a self-selected speed. After measuring and
averaging the results of NW, the subjects were asked to
perform a 25% slower and 25% faster walk, respectively.
Temporal-spatial parameters, kinematics of the tibia (TB),
hindfoot (HF), forefoot (FF) and hallux (HX), and ground
reaction forces (GRFs) were recorded while the subjects walked
at averaged speeds of 1.01 m/s (SW), 1.34 m/s (NW), and 1.68
m/s (FW). Results: Hindfoot relative to tibia (HF/TB) and
forefoot relative to hindfoot (FF/HF) dorsiflexion (DF)
increased in FW, while hallux relative to forefoot (HX/FF) DF
decreased. Increased peak eversion (EV) and peak external
rotation (ER) in HF/TB were observed in FW with decreased peak
supination (SP) in FF/HF. GRFs were increased significantly
with walking speed. The peak values of the knee and ankle
moments in the sagittal and frontal planes significantly
increased during FW compared with SW and NW. Discussion:
Limited HF/TB and FF/HF motion of SW was likely compensated
for increased HX/FF DF. Although small angle variation in
HF/TB EV and FF/HF SP during FW may have profound effects for
foot kinetics. Higher HF/TB ER contributed to the FF push-
offthe ground while the center of mass (COM) progresses
forward in FW, therefore accompanied by higher FF/HF abduction
in FW. Increased peak vertical GRF in FW may affected by
decreased stance duration time, the biomechanical mechanism
maybe the change in vertical COM height and increase leg
stiffness. Walking speed changes accompanied with modulated
sagittal plane ankle moments to alter the braking GRF during
loading response. The findings of foot kinematics, GRFs, and
lower limb joint moments among healthy males may set a
reference to distinguish abnormal and pathological gait
patterns. © 2018 Sun et al
Distribution and biology of prowfish (Zaprora silenus) in the northeast Pacific
The prowfish (Zaprora silenus) is an infrequent component of
bottom trawl catches collected on stock assessment surveys. Based on presence or absence in over 40,000 trawl catches taken throughout Alaskan waters southward to southern California, prowfish are most frequently encountered in the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands at the edge of the
continental shelf. Based on data from two trawl surveys, relative abundance indicated by catch per swept area reaches a maximum between 100 m and 200 m depth and is much higher in the Aleutian Islands than in the Gulf of Alaska. Females weigh 3.7% more than males of the same length.
Weight-length functions are W (g) = 0.0164 L2.92 (males) and W = 0.0170 L2.92 (females). Length at age does not
differ between sexes and is described by L = 89.3(1 – e–0.181(t+0.554)), where L is total length in cm and t is age in years. Females reached 50% maturity at a length of 57.0 cm and an age of 5.1 years. Prowfish diet is almost entirely
composed of gelatinous zooplankton, primarily scyphozoa and salps
Effect of precursor pH on AuNP/MWCNT nanocomposites synthesized by plasma-induced non-equilibrium electrochemistry
In recent years, plasma-induced non-equilibrium electrochemistry (PiNE) has been increasingly used for the synthesis of nanomaterials. In this study, we investigated the effect of solution pH on the formation of AuNP/MWCNT nanocomposites synthesized by PiNE. It is found that resulting nanocomposite morphology can be manipulated by the solution pH with pH 2 giving the most uniformly distributed AuNP along the MWCNT surface during the nanocomposite formation. The detailed mechanisms of AuNP/MWCNT nanocomposites formation under different pH have been discussed. For selected AuNP/MWCNT, we further evaluated the photothermal conversion performance under a blue laser (wavelength 445 nm) and the material biocompatibility using HeLa cells. The promising photothermal capability and biocompatibility of the composite sample point to their potential future applications such as solar thermal conversion and healthcare technology
The structure of a magnitude-frequency relation for debris flows conditioned by earthquake shock
Debris flow is a major secondary geological process associated with the 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake area, causing the loss of around 200 lives as well as extensive property damage. Based on data developed over the past 21 years (1998–2018) of continuous monitoring of debris flow events in Sichuan, the temporal and spatial aspects of debris flows have been analyzed, including magnitude and frequency. The 21-year study period is divided into three time-intervals: 1998–2007 (pre-earthquake), 2008–2013 (short-term post-earthquake), and 2014–2018 (long-term post-earthquake). Distribution maps are plotted to compare debris flow distribution density in the three periods and to visualize debris flow development throughout Sichuan Province from 1998 to 2018. Many large-scale debris flows occur in groups immediately following the earthquake (2008–2013). After 2014, the magnitude and frequency of debris flows begin to decrease and gradually returned near to the pre-earthquake level as the damaged landscape recovered. The effect of rainfall is investigated by analyzing a 21-year record of precipitation; Following the earthquake the threshold rainfall values for debris flow triggering decrease only to recover to pre-earthquake levels as the landscape heals. Magnitude-frequency (M-F) relations for debris flows of the three periods were developed, and the distribution can be well fitted by a power-law function. Finally, the work done by debris flow was defined by multiplying the magnitude by frequency. At the regional scale, the work peaks in the three time periods have been determined and it is found that the peaks corresponded with the larger debris flow sizes. The concept of offset is introduced to describe the shift of the work peak in relation to the probability peak and is termed the Wolman-Miller offset. It is concluded that with a greater offset in the short-term post-earthquake period, more work has been done by larger events and that the greater proportion of the volume being mobilized by larger events occurring more frequently is a key process in the landscape returning to a pre-earthquake (equilibrium) state. The recovery of an earthquake-damaged landscape represents a transient period of high hazard that should be considered in any hazard assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides (in addition to co-seismic landslides)
Active control of magnetoresistance of organic spin valves using ferroelectricity
Organic spintronic devices have been appealing because of the long spin life
time of the charge carriers in the organic materials and their low cost,
flexibility and chemical diversity. In previous studies, the control of
resistance of organic spin valves is generally achieved by the alignment of the
magnetization directions of the two ferromagnetic electrodes, generating
magnetoresistance.1 Here we employ a new knob to tune the resistance of organic
spin valves by adding a thin ferroelectric interfacial layer between the
ferromagnetic electrode and the organic spacer. We show that the resistance can
be controlled by not only the spin alignment of the two ferromagnetic
electrodes, but also by the electric polarization of the interfacial
ferroelectric layer: the MR of the spin valve depends strongly on the history
of the bias voltage which is correlated with the polarization of the
ferroelectric layer; the MR even changes sign when the electric polarization of
the ferroelectric layer is reversed. This new tunability can be understood in
terms of the change of relative energy level alignment between ferromagnetic
electrode and the organic spacer caused by the electric dipole moment of the
ferroelectric layer. These findings enable active control of resistance using
both electric and magnetic fields, opening up possibility for multi-state
organic spin valves and shed light on the mechanism of the spin transport in
organic spin valves
Review of the mathematical foundations of data fusion techniques in surface metrology
The recent proliferation of engineered surfaces, including freeform and structured surfaces, is challenging current metrology techniques. Measurement using multiple sensors has been proposed to achieve enhanced benefits, mainly in terms of spatial frequency bandwidth, which a single sensor cannot provide. When using data from different sensors, a process of data fusion is required and there is much active research in this area. In this paper, current data fusion methods and applications are reviewed, with a focus on the mathematical foundations of the subject. Common research questions in the fusion of surface metrology data are raised and potential fusion algorithms are discussed
The RN/CFT Correspondence Revisited
We reconsidered the quantum gravity description of the near horizon extremal
Reissner-Nordstr{\o}m black hole in the viewpoint of the AdS/CFT
correspondence. We found that, for pure electric case, the right moving central
charge of dual 1D CFT is which is different from the previous result of left moving sector obtained by warped AdS/CFT description. We
discussed the discrepancy in these two approaches and examined novel properties
of our result.Comment: revtex4, 16 pages, sign mistakes corrected, references include
The Reproducibility of Lists of Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarray Studies
Reproducibility is a fundamental requirement in scientific experiments and clinical contexts. Recent publications raise concerns about the reliability of microarray technology because of the apparent lack of agreement between lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In this study we demonstrate that (1) such discordance may stem from ranking and selecting DEGs solely by statistical significance (P) derived from widely used simple t-tests; (2) when fold change (FC) is used as the ranking criterion, the lists become much more reproducible, especially when fewer genes are selected; and (3) the instability of short DEG lists based on P cutoffs is an expected mathematical consequence of the high variability of the t-values. We recommend the use of FC ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a baseline practice in order to generate more reproducible DEG lists. The FC criterion enhances reproducibility while the P criterion balances sensitivity and specificity
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