Marine Sponge Derived Natural Products between 2001 and 2010: Trends and Opportunities for Discovery of Bioactives

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).Abstract: Marine sponges belonging to the phylum Porifera (Metazoa), evolutionarily the oldest animals are the single best source of marine natural products. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of the source, taxonomy, country of origin or geographical position, chemical class, and biological activity of sponge-derived new natural products discovered between 2001 and 2010. The data has been analyzed with a view to gaining an outlook on the future trends and opportunities in the search for new compounds and their sources from marine sponges. Keywords: marine sponges; porifera; marine natural products; anticancer; sponge-associated bacteria; drug; bioactive compound

Organoleptic, biochemical and bacteriological aspects of the low cost tunnel dried fish products

Studies were conducted on the organoleptic, biochemical and bacteriological aspects of three dried fish products produced from two different model of low cost solar tunnel dryer. The overall quality of the products obtained from both dryers was excellent. Sixty minutes soaking showed the maximum water reconstitution of the products with values between 66.82 to 75.28% and 71.98 to 78.09% in dryer 1 & 2 respectively. The highest reconstitution was obtained from Silver Jew fish (75.28-78.09%) and lowest from Bombay duck (66.86-71.98%) from both dryers. The average moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of the dried products were 11.8-15.0%, 57.32-68.49%, 6.08-8.62% and 12.25-14.88% respectively in fish in dryer 1 and dryer 2. The TVB-N values were in the range of 24.3 to 30.9 in dryer 1 and 22.1 to 28.2 mg/100 g samples in dryer 2. The highest values were obtained from Bombay duck and lowest value in Silver Jew fish in both dryers. The peroxide values varied from 14.1 to 16.9% in dryer 1 and 13.3 to 16.4% in dryer 2. The highest peroxide value was obtained from Ribbon fish and lowest from Silver Jew fish. Total bacterial load varied in the range of 6.6x10⁴— 8.6x10⁴ CFU/g in dryer 1 and 2.54x10⁴ to 4.9x10⁴ CFU/g in dryer 2. The highest value was obtained from Ribbon fish and lowest from Silver Jew fish

Elucidation of infection mechanism of Ralstonia solanacearum on ginger

Ehime University (愛媛大学)博士(農学)thesi

Internal Factors Affecting Export Performance of Textile Weaving Factories Pakistan: Literature Review

The Textile Industry of Pakistan is considered as life line of country’s economy. It accounts around 55% share of total economy. Major exports from textiles are yarns, raw and finished fabrics and also limited quantity of value added textile items. However from last one decade textile industry is facing lot of problems in terms of getting and maintaining export orders. Most of customers globally now giving preferences to other regional competitors. Due to this Pakistani Textile Industry losing its competitiveness day by day which resulted loss in millions of US Dollars per years. The raw woven fabric manufacturing sector that lies almost in middle of supply line having sharing of 8% in world exports. The performance of this value added product responsible also overall performance of sector. The literature review on internal factors specifically related to this sector still in gap which author tries to cover up. The literature review delineated accordingly with respect to internal factors such as product types, innovations, energy cost, inventory and green textile concepts which gives effect on export performance of weaving industry

A Literature Review on External Factors Affecting Export Competitiveness of Raw Woven Sector of Pakistan

The Textile Industry of Pakistan is considered as lifeline of the country's economy. It accounts for around 55% share of the total economy. Major exports from textiles are yarns, raw and finished fabrics and also a limited quantity of value-added textile items. However, from the last one-decade, the textile industry is facing a lot of problems in terms of getting and maintaining export orders. Most of the customers globally now giving preferences to other regional competitors. Due to this Pakistani Textile Industry losing its competitiveness day by day. There are very less studies carried out on this hot issue especially in context of Pakistan. There is contextual gap exist in the literature review on external factors. In this Paper author made literature review on six external factors such as exchange rate, GDP, FDI, Quota, Technology and political instability and their impact found discussed on various studies

Comparative Genomics of Cyanobacterial Symbionts Reveals Distinct, Specialized Metabolism in Tropical Dysideidae Sponges.

Marine sponges are recognized as valuable sources of bioactive metabolites and renowned as petri dishes of the sea, providing specialized niches for many symbiotic microorganisms. Sponges of the family Dysideidae are well documented to be chemically talented, often containing high levels of polyhalogenated compounds, terpenoids, peptides, and other classes of bioactive small molecules. This group of tropical sponges hosts a high abundance of an uncultured filamentous cyanobacterium, Hormoscilla spongeliae Here, we report the comparative genomic analyses of two phylogenetically distinct Hormoscilla populations, which reveal shared deficiencies in essential pathways, hinting at possible reasons for their uncultivable status, as well as differing biosynthetic machinery for the production of specialized metabolites. One symbiont population contains clustered genes for expanded polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) biosynthesis, while the other instead harbors a unique gene cluster for the biosynthesis of the dysinosin nonribosomal peptides. The hybrid sequencing and assembly approach utilized here allows, for the first time, a comprehensive look into the genomes of these elusive sponge symbionts.IMPORTANCE Natural products provide the inspiration for most clinical drugs. With the rise in antibiotic resistance, it is imperative to discover new sources of chemical diversity. Bacteria living in symbiosis with marine invertebrates have emerged as an untapped source of natural chemistry. While symbiotic bacteria are often recalcitrant to growth in the lab, advances in metagenomic sequencing and assembly now make it possible to access their genetic blueprint. A cell enrichment procedure, combined with a hybrid sequencing and assembly approach, enabled detailed genomic analysis of uncultivated cyanobacterial symbiont populations in two chemically rich tropical marine sponges. These population genomes reveal a wealth of secondary metabolism potential as well as possible reasons for historical difficulties in their cultivation

A Review of the Parametric Characteristics of Urban Environment and it's Influence to the Urban Quality of Life

This study covers the researchers' effort on the influence of the urban environment parameters and factors related to the quality of life of the urban inhabitants. The design and the construction industries have an increasing attention in and concern for environmental effects to the cycle of urban fabrics and structural health. The growth of urbanization had become an integral part of in various essential parametric matrix confronted by rapid structural growth and their influence on the life pattern of urban dwellers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the parametric characteristics of the urban environment at the multidimensional scale and which needs to be inspected and verified by experiments and observational processes. A valid model in neighborhood scale has been employed for the analysis of relevant data. Results displayed are vital importance to the environmental modification in micro level and enormous macro-level

Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorinated derivatives of 2-styrylchromones and 2-thioxo imidazole dicarboxylate esters.

Ph. D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2012.Two classes of fluorinated derivatives were synthesized in this work to test the effects of the fluorinated drugs in antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-platelet activity. These two classes were the 2-styrylchromones and the 2-thioimidazoles. The 2-styrylchromones were tested for their antibacterial activity and the 3-hydroxypentadien-1one intermediates were tested for their antioxidant activity. The 2-thioimidazoles were tested for the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro. A total of ten 2-styrylchromones together with their intermediates were synthesized of which six were new(A5a-A5f). The two intermediates to each of the six compounds were also new and together with the 2-styrylchromones resulted in thirty compounds being synthesised and characterised. The synthesis was based on the Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement using substituted cinnamic acids and hydroxyacetophenones.All the 2-styrylchromones were screened for their antibacterial activity using Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,scuii and xylosus and Bacillussubtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Klebsiella pneumonia). The compounds were most effective against B. subtilis followed by S. aureus and a single strain of E. coli (ATCC 25922). Difluorination on the phenyl ring was shown to enhance antibacterial activity and fluorine substitution at the 6-position was shown to be far superior to substitution at the 7-position. In comparison to tetracycline, the activity indices of the fluorinated styrylchromones ranged from 0.50 to 0.75 against B. subtilis. The fluoro and methoxy analogues of (2Z, 4E)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(phenyl) penta-2, 4-dien-1-one, the intermediates to the 2-styrylchromones were tested for their ability to act as antioxidants since they contained a 3-hydroxy group in the backbone of their structure. They were screened by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Power assay (FRAP).All the methoxylated analogues showedbetter activity thanthe fluorinated analogues and comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Seven fluorinated derivatives of diethyl-2-(benzylthio)-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-4,5- dicarboxylate (B6a-B6g) as well as a nitro and chloro derivative (B6h-B6i) also known as 2- thiomidazole derivativeswere prepared in five steps from glycine, ethyl formate, diethyl oxalate, potassium thiocyanate and substituted benzyl bromides. The synthesized compounds exhibited concentration dependent anti-platelet aggregation activity on both the thrombin and ADP induced platelet aggregation. The 4-nitro and 4-fluoro compounds exhibited the highest activity from the compounds tested, with estimatedIC₅₀ values of 1.05 and 0.99 mM for the thrombin-induced and ADP-induced platelet aggregation respectively. Three of the compounds, the 3,4-difluoro(B6c), 4-nitro(B6h) and 3-chloro(B6i) derivatives have reasonable activity in both of the assays and could have potential as broad spectrum antiplatelet inhibitors. With the exception of B6c, the fluoro derivatives were not as active as the nitro and chloro compounds. All the reactions in this work were monitored by ¹H and ¹³C NMR at each step and all compounds were characterized using 1D and 2D NMR as well as MS, IR and UV data. All the synthesised compounds were fully characterised unambiguously and the respective carbon and proton resonances were assigned with the aid of HSQC, HMBC and NOESY data. In addition, crystal structures of two 2-styrylchromones and three of its cinnamate ester intermediates as well as the 2-thioimidazole provide a full structural analysis of the compounds synthesised

Mainstreaming marine biodiversity into the SDGs: The role of other effective area-based conservation measures (SDG 14.5)

This article explores the concept of “other effective area-based conservation measures” (OECMs) in the context of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 on marine protected areas and OECMs and its linkages to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It argues that mainstreaming biodiversity through CBD Aichi Biodiversity Targets’ implementation into the SDGs can contribute to a more systemic and comprehensive implementation of SDG 14.5 on conservation of at least 10% of marine and coastal areas. It argues that OECMs can complement MPAs and contribute to ecologically representative and effectively managed marine protected areas systems integrated into broader governance systems such as marine spatial planning. Selected global and local sectoral conservation measures are therefore highlighted in this analysis as potential forms of OECMs. At the local level, a case study of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas managed as locally managed marine areas (LMMAs) in Mozambique is discussed. This case study explores how multiple-use LMMAs, which respond to short-term fisher's needs and targeted biodiversity conservation, could contribute to the achievement of specific SDGs on food security, poverty elimination and resilient ecosystems if properly supported by long-term investments, strong institutions and integrated oceans management