Estudios de la circulación forzada por el viento en el estuario del Río de la Plata y sus implicancias en la estratificación: resultados del análisis de datos y simulaciones numéricas

En esta Tesis, por primera vez, se combina el análisis de los datos históricos de salinidad disponibles con series de tiempo de corriente y simulaciones numéricas de alta resolución, en un esfuerzo por comprender los procesos que ocurren en el activo e importante sistema estuarino del Río de la Plata. Con ese fin, se analizan las primeras series relativamente largas de corrientes ADCP colectadas en dos puntos del estuario. Se encuentra que la marea sólo explica alrededor de un 25% de la varianza. Aproximadamente otro 25% está asociado con actividad de ondas internas en los puntos de adquisición de datos, que corresponden a zonas de fuerte estratificación. Estas ondas son forzadas por la brisa tierra-mar y por la marea y son muy frecuentes durante la primavera y el verano. El 50% restante de energía está forzado por el viento en las escalas de tiempo sinóptica a intra-estacional. El estuario responde en una escala de tiempo de alrededor de 6 horas a la variabilidad del viento, con una estructura esencialmente barotrópica frente a vientos con una componente dominante perpendicular al eje del estuario y con una fuerte estructura baroclínica, con inversión en la dirección de las corrientes entre capas superiores e inferiores, para vientos con una componente paralela al eje del estuario. Aunque este tipo de respuesta es característica de cuencas semi-cerradas, no es típica de estuarios y es observada en el Río de la Plata como consecuencia de su gran ancho. Se utilizó el modelo hidrodinámico Estuary Coastal and Ocean Model (ECOM) juntos con datos CTD de campañas sinópticas históricas para evaluar las implicancias de la circulación forzada por el viento en la estratificación. Se encuentra que, aunque la estructura de cuña salina es una consecuencia de la intensa descarga continental en la región, los vientos predominantes favorecen su mantenimiento. Solamente bajo vientos intensos o persistentes del sudeste la estratificación puede quebrarse completamente. Sin embargo, la estructura vuelve a establecerse en un período de tiempo relativamente corto después de que los vientos se relajan. Los eventos con estas características son poco frecuentes en la región. Esto tiene un fuerte impacto sobre la biología ya que las especies que alberga el estuario requieren de ciertas condiciones de salinidad para su reproducción exitosa. Además, se caracterizó la respuesta de los campos de salinidad al forzante del viento y se encontraron indicios de eventos de surgencia a lo largo de la costa uruguaya frente a vientos del noreste, característicos de la estación cálida. Los resultados modifican el esquema conceptual vigente respecto de la señal estacional como principal característica del campo de salinidad en el Río de la Plata. Esta señal es el resultado de la mayor frecuencia de ocurrencia de vientos provenientes de direcciones determinadas a lo largo de las diversas estaciones. Situaciones caracterizadas como típicas de “invierno” o “verano” pueden ocurrir a lo largo de todo el año con gran variabilidad. La pluma de agua de baja salinidad impactaría en la plataforma continental en forma de pulsos alternativos hacia el noreste o el sudoeste en una escala del orden de los tres a cuatro días. Se identificaron los principales forzantes de variabilidad en las diferentes escalas de tiempo mediante una simulación de largo período realizada con el modelo Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HamSOM). Se encuentra que el primer modo de variabilidad en la escala interanual de la elevación de la superficie libre está forzado simultáneamente por la descarga continental y por el viento y ambos están asociados a los ciclos del ENSO. La variabilidad en la escala estacional explica un muy bajo porcentaje de varianza y está compuesta por una onda anual y una semianual, forzada por viento y descarga, respectivamente. La variabilidad en la escala subanual explica alrededor del 90% de la varianza y está forzada por el viento. Se encontró que los eventos extremos de crecidas en el estuario presentan a lo largo del tiempo una mayor frecuencia de ocurrencia y una mayor intensidad de respuesta. Por último, la arquitectura de modelado aplicada a la circulación barotrópica resultó exitosa mostrando ser una herramienta robusta para pronóstico y para el estudio de la variabilidad climática futura en respuesta al cambio climático.In this Thesis, for the first time, the analysis of historical salinity data and new current series is combined with high resolution numerical simulations, with the aim of understanding the processes that occur in the active and important Río de la Plata estuary. With that objective, the first relatively long ADCP current series collected in two points of the estuary are analyzed. Only 25% of the currents’ variance is accounted by the tide. Approximately another 25% is associated with internal wave activity at the sampling locations, where a strong stratification exists. These waves are forced by land-sea breeze and tide and are very frequent during spring and summer. The remaining 50% of the energy is wind driven and occurs in synoptic to intra-seasonal time scales. The estuary responds to wind variability in a time scale of approximately 6 hours. Response displays an essentially barotropic structure to winds with a dominant component perpendicular to the estuary axis and with a strong baroclinic structure, with inversion in current direction between upper and lower layers, to winds with a dominant component along the estuary axis. Although this kind of response is characteristic of semi-enclose basins, it is not a typical response in estuaries, and it is observed in the Río de la Plata due to its huge width. To evaluate the implications of the wind forced circulation on stratification, Estuary, Coastal and Ocean Model (ECOM) together with CTD data from synoptic campaigns were used. It is observed that, even though the salt wedge structure is a consequence of the intense discharge, its existence is favoured by winds that prevail in the region. The stratification can only be completely destroyed by strong or persistent south-easterly winds. Nevertheless, the structure is reconstructed in a relatively short period of time after wind relaxation, and that kind of events are not frequent in the region. This has a strong impact on biology because the species housed by the estuary require specific salinity conditions for their successful reproduction. Additionally, the response of the salinity field to wind forcing was characterized. High surface salinity, consistent with upwelling along the Uruguayan coast is observed for north-easterly winds, which are typical of the warm season. The present conceptual scheme involving the seasonal signal as the main feature of the salinity filed variability is modified by the results of this Thesis. This signal result of a larger frequency of occurrence of some wind direction along the different seasons, and conditions classically though as characteristic of “winter” or “summer” can take place during any season with high variability. The fresh water plume would impact the continental shelf in the form of alternating pulses toward the northeast or to the southwest in a time scale around three to four days. The main forcings of estuarine variability in different time scales were identified by means of a long term numerical simulation using Hamburg, Shelf Ocean Model (HamSOM). The first mode of the sea surface height variability on inter-annual time scale is forced simultaneously by runoff and wind. Results show clear evidence that both forcings are associated to ENSO cycles. The seasonal scale variability accounts by a very low percentage of variance and it is a combination of an annual and a semi-annual signal forced by wind and runoff, respectively. Approximately 90% of the variance is accounted by sub-annual scale variability, essentially wind driven. Extreme flood events in the estuary increase their frequency of occurrence and intensity over the time. Finally, the model hierarchy applied for barotropic circulation shows to be a robust tool for forecasting and for the study of estuarine climate variability in response to climate change.Fil:Meccia, Virna Loana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Interactive ocean bathymetry and coastlines for simulating the last deglaciation with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-v1.2)

As ice sheets grow or decay, the net flux of freshwater into the ocean changes and the bedrock adjusts due to isostatic adjustments, leading to variations in the bottom topography and the oceanic boundaries. This process was particularly intense during the last deglaciation due to the high rates of ice-sheet melting. It is, therefore, necessary to consider transient ocean bathymetry and coastlines when attempting to simulate the last deglaciation with Earth system models (ESMs). However, in most standard ESMs the land-sea mask is fixed throughout simulations because the generation of a new ocean model bathymetry implies several levels of manual corrections, a procedure that is hardly doable very often for long runs. This is one of the main technical problems towards simulating a complete glacial cycle with general circulation models. For the first time, we present a tool allowing for an automatic computation of bathymetry and land-sea mask changes in the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The algorithms developed in this paper can easily be adapted to any free-surface ocean model that uses the Arakawa-C grid in the horizontal and z-grid in the vertical including partial bottom cells. The strategy applied is described in detail and the algorithms are tested in a long-term simulation demonstrating the reliable behaviour. Our approach guarantees the conservation of mass and tracers at global and regional scales; that is, changes in a single grid point are only propagated regionally. The procedures presented here are an important contribution to the development of a fully coupled ice sheet–solid Earth–climate model system with time-varying topography and will allow for transient simulations of the last deglaciation considering interactive bathymetry and land-sea mask

Rio de la Plata estuary response to wind variability in synoptic to intraseasonal scales: 2. Currents' vertical structure and its implications for the salt wedge structure

The first acoustic Doppler current profiler current data collected at two locations of the Río de la Plata salt wedge during a period of around 6 months and salinity profiles gathered at and around those locations are used to study the vertical structure of currents' response to wind variability in synoptic to intraseasonal timescales and its implications for stratification. Results indicate that the estuary rapidly responds to prevailing southwesterlies/northeasterlies with currents that decay toward the bottom with only little rotation in depth. For the less frequent southeasterlies/northwesterlies the estuary develops a strong vertical structure with a defined inversion in current direction between surface and bottom layers. These patterns derive from the estuary's geometry and bathymetry. Results have important implications for the salinity vertical structure that are verified on the analyzed profiles. First, the combination of the bathymetry and coastline with the prevailing wind variability is highly favorable to the maintenance of a salt wedge structure in this estuary. Second, weakening and eventually breakdown of stratification can only occur for intense and/or persistent southeasterly winds, which even can be very strong, are not frequent. This can explain why the Río de la Plata displays the unusual feature of being an area of spawning and a nursery for a number of coastal species that use the wedge as an essential element for their reproduction. Results show that stratification is highly affected by short-term wind variability, which is its major characteristic in the area, changing the classical concept of summer-winter seasonality as the main feature of estuarine variability.Fil: Simionato, Claudia Gloria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; ArgentinaFil: Meccia, Virna Loana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; ArgentinaFil: Guerrero, Raul. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Dragani, Walter Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. Armada Argentina. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval; ArgentinaFil: Nuñez, Mario Nestor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentin

Decadal variability of the Turner Angle in the Mediterranean Sea and its implications for double diffusion

The physical reanalysis component of the Mediterranean Forecasting System is used to construct a high- resolution three-dimensional atlas of the Turner Angle. An assessment of the model quality shows a maximum degree of agreement with observations in the water column between 150 and 1000 m depth. The mean state of the favourable conditions for double diffusion processes is evaluated and the recent decadal variability is studied in terms of changes in the water mass properties. The results show that approximately 50% of the Mediterranean Sea is favourable to double diffusion processes, from which around 47% is associated with salt fingering. The Tyrrhenian, Ionian and southwestern Mediterranean are the most vulnerable basins to salt fingering, and the strongest processes can occur in the Tyrrhenian deep waters. Diffusive convection is most likely to occur in the Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean at vertical levels deeper than 1000 m. The observed gradual warming and salinification of the Medi- terranean after 1997 decreased and increased the possibilities of the occurrence of salt fingers and double diffusive convections, respectively. The climatological atlas that is presented in this paper pro- vides a three-dimensional picture of the regions that are either doubly stable or favourable to double diffusion instability and allows for the characterization of the diffusive properties of the water masses.Published64-774A. Oceanografia e climaJCR Journa

Modelling biogeochemical fluxes across a Mediterranean fish cage farm

An integrated approach is described for modelling interactions between off-shore fish cages and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Two individ- ual-based population dynamic models for European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata were coupled with a Lagrangian deposition and a benthic degradation model. The individual models explicitly take into account the effects of water temperature and feed availability on fish growth. The integrated model was tested at a Mediterranean fish farm where a comprehensive set of in situ environmental and husbandry data was available. Tests were performed to compare the predicted and observed total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in surface sediment under and near fish cages. At a local scale, the model output simulated the spa- tial distribution of 4 biogeochemical indicators, namely: TOC concentrations, C fluxes towards the seabed and C:N and C:P ratios. These allowed the most impacted areas and more extended areas of intermediate organic enrichment to be identified. The model was also used for estimating the mass balance of C, N and P, in order to determine the potential cumulative effects of multiple fish farms in the same area. The C, N and P fluxes among feed, fish and environment were calculated for each fish species over 24 mo of farm activity. The results showed that the amount of dissolved N directly released into the water column in inorganic form (ammonia/urea) was comparable to that deposited on the seafloor in particulate form as uneaten feed and faeces. A larger fraction of P (about 65%) was released as faeces. Results from the integrated model yielded useful informa- tion for assessing the sustainability of an area for aquaculture activities that could be used to pro- vide a scientific rationale for fish farm development in new areas

HighResMIP versions of EC-Earth : EC-Earth3P and EC-Earth3P-HR - description, model computational performance and basic validation

A new global high-resolution coupled climate model, EC-Earth3P-HR has been developed by the EC-Earth consortium, with a resolution of approximately 40 km for the atmosphere and 0.25∘ for the ocean, alongside with a standard-resolution version of the model, EC-Earth3P (80 km atmosphere, 1.0∘ ocean). The model forcing and simulations follow the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) protocol. According to this protocol, all simulations are made with both high and standard resolutions. The model has been optimized with respect to scalability, performance, data storage and post-processing. In accordance with the HighResMIP protocol, no specific tuning for the high-resolution version has been applied. Increasing horizontal resolution does not result in a general reduction of biases and overall improvement of the variability, and deteriorating impacts can be detected for specific regions and phenomena such as some Euro-Atlantic weather regimes, whereas others such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation show a clear improvement in their spatial structure. The omission of specific tuning might be responsible for this. The shortness of the spin-up, as prescribed by the HighResMIP protocol, prevented the model from reaching equilibrium. The trend in the control and historical simulations, however, appeared to be similar, resulting in a warming trend, obtained by subtracting the control from the historical simulation, close to the observational one.The EC-Earth simulations from SMHI were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC). The EC-EARTH simulations from BSC were performed on resources provided by ECMWF and the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE; MareNostrum, Spain). Froila M. Palmeiro and Javier García-Serrano were partially supported by the Spanish GRAVITOCAST project (ERC2018-092835) and the “Ramón y Cajal” program (RYC-2016-21181), respectively, and MR was supported by “Beca de collaboració amb la Universitat de Barcelona” (2019.4.FFIS.1). The EC-Earth simulations from CNR were performed on resources provided by CINECA and ECMWF (special projects SPITDAVI and SPITMAVI). The EC-Earth simulations from KNMI were partly performed on resources provided by ECMWF (special project SPNLHAAR).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version