644 research outputs found
Can a Woman Rape a Man and Why Does It Matter?
Under current UK legislation, only a man can commit rape. This paper argues that this is an unjustified double standard that reinforces problematic gendered stereotypes about male and female sexuality. I first reject three potential justifications for making penile penetration a condition of rape: (1) it is physically impossible for a woman to rape a man; (2) it is a more serious offence to forcibly penetrate someone than to force them to penetrate you; (3) rape is a gendered crime. I argue that, as these justifications fail, a woman having sex with a man without his consent ought to be considered rape. I then explain some further reasons that this matters. I argue that, not only is it unjust, it is also both a cause and a consequence of harmful stereotypes and prejudices about male and female sexuality: (1) men are âalways up for sexâ; (2) womenâs sexual purity is more important than menâs; (3) sex is something men do to women. Therefore, I suggest that, if rape law were made gender neutral, these stereotypes would be undermined and this might make some (albeit small) difference to the problematic ways that sexual relations are sometimes viewed between men and women more generally
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Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices in Narok district of Kenya
CBPP is an important transboundary disease in sub-Saharan Africa whose control is urgent. Participatory data collection involving 52 focus group discussions in 37 village clusters and key informant interviews, a cross-sectional study involving 232 households and a post-vaccination follow up involving 203 households was carried out in 2006â2007 in Narok South district of Kenya. This was to investigate knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices (KAPP) associated with control of CBPP as well as the adverse post-vaccination reactions in animals in order to advice the control policy. The community perceived trans-boundary CBPP threat to their cattle. They had traditional disease coping mechanisms and were conversant with CBPP prevention and control with 49.8% (95%CI: 42.8â56.7%) giving priority to CBPP control. However, 12.9% (95%CI: 9.0â18.1%) of pastoralists had no knowledge of any prevention method and 10.0% (95%CI: 6.5â14.7%) would not know what to do or would do nothing in the event of an outbreak. Although 43.5% (95%CI: 37.1â50.2%) of pastoralists were treating CBPP cases with antimicrobials, 62.5% (95%CI: 52.1â71.7%) of them doubted the effectiveness of the treatments. Pastoralists perceived vaccination to be the solution to CBPP but vaccination was irregular due to unavailability of the vaccine. Vaccination was mainly to control outbreaks rather than preventive and exhibited adverse post-vaccination reactions among 70.4% (95%CI: 63.6â76.5%) of herds and 3.8% (95%CI: 3.5â4.2%) of animals. Consequently, nearly 25.2% (95%CI: 18.5â33.2%) of pastoralists may resist subsequent vaccinations against CBPP. Pastoralists preferred CBPP vaccination at certain times of the year and that it is combined with other vaccinations. In conclusion, pastoralists were not fully aware of the preventive measures and interventions and post-vaccination reactions may discourage subsequent CBPP vaccinations. Consequently there is need for monitoring and management of post vaccination reactions and awareness creation on CBPP prevention and interventions and their merits and demerits. CBPP vaccine was largely unavailable to the pastoralists and the preference of the pastoralists was for vaccination at specified times and vaccine combinations which makes it necessary to avail the vaccine in conformity with the pastoralists preferences. In addition, planning vaccinations should involve pastoralists and neighbouring countries. As the results cannot be generalized, further studies on CBPP control methods and their effectiveness are recommended
Collective Oscillations of an Imbalanced Fermi Gas: Axial Compression Modes and Polaron Effective Mass
We investigate the low-lying compression modes of a unitary Fermi gas with
imbalanced spin populations. For low polarization, the strong coupling between
the two spin components leads to a hydrodynamic behavior of the cloud. For
large population imbalance we observe a decoupling of the oscillations of the
two spin components, giving access to the effective mass of the Fermi polaron,
a quasi-particle composed of an impurity dressed by particle-hole pair
excitations in a surrounding Fermi sea. We find , in agreement
with the most recent theoretical predictions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PR
Investigation, Detection and Prevention of Online Child Sexual Abuse Material: A Comprehensive Survey
Child sexual abuse inflicts lifelong devastating consequences for victims and is a growing social concern. In most countries, child sexual abuse material (CSAM) distribution is illegal. As a result, there are many research papers in the literature which proposed technologies to detect and investigate CSAM. In this survey, a comprehensive search of the peer reviewed journal and conference paper databases (including preprints) is conducted to identify high-quality literature. We use the PRISMA methodology to refine our search space to 2,761 papers published by Springer, Elsevier, IEEE and ACM. After iterative reviews of title, abstract and full text for relevance to our topics, 43 papers are included for full review. Our paper provides a comprehensive synthesis about the tasks of the current research and how the papers use techniques and dataset to solve their tasks and evaluate their models. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to focus exclusively on online CSAM detection and prevention with no geographic boundaries, and the first survey to review papers published after 2018. It can be used by researchers to identify gaps in knowledge and relevant publicly available datasets that may be useful for their research
Asexuality
Asexuality is overlooked in the philosophical literature and in wider society. Such neglect produces incomplete or inaccurate accounts of romantic life and harms asexual people. We develop an account of asexuality to redress this neglect and enrich discussion of romantic life. Asexual experiences are diverse. Some asexual people have sex; some have romantic relationships in the absence of sex. We accept the common definition of asexuality as the absence of sexual attraction and explain how sexual attraction and sexual desire differ by giving an affordanceâlike account of sexual attraction. Armed with that distinction, we show that asexuality is clearly different from celibacy or disorders of desire and that some existing philosophical theories of sexual desire struggle to accommodate asexual sexuality. We then build on asexual testimony about the diversity of nonâsexual attractions to answer two common objections levelled at asexual romance: that romantic relationships require sexual attraction or that sex in the absence of sexual attraction is insufficiently focused on someone as an individual. Finally, we describe some of the ways asexuality has been erased or denigrated in society, and the specific injustices and harms that result
Nonextensive Thermostatistical Approach to the Thermoluminescence Decay
In this study, thermoluminescence decay is investigated within Tsallis
thermostatistics (TT). We belive that this is the first attempt to handle
themoluminescence decay process within TT
Does the presence of connective tissue disease modify survival in patients with pulmonary fibrosis?
SummaryObjectivesPrevious studies into the survival differences between individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and those with connective tissue disease associated pulmonary fibrosis (CTD-PF) have yielded mixed results. The aim of this study is to compare the survival of individuals with CTD-PF to those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis clinical syndrome (IPF-CS) using data derived from The Health Improvement network, a large primary care database in the UK.MethodsIncident cases of CTD-PF and IPF-CS between the years 2000â2009 were identified. Survival analysis was performed using KaplanâMeier methods, stratified by type of connective tissue disease. Cox regression was then used to compare mortality rates between the groups, adjusting for age, gender and year of diagnosis.ResultsA total of 324 cases of CTD-PF and 2209 cases of IPF-CS were followed up over a mean period of 2.3 years. During this period, 113 (34.9%) cases of CTD-PF and 1073 (48.6%) cases of IPF-CS died. The mortality rates for cases with CTD-PF and IPF-CS were 123.6 per 1000 person years (95%CI: 102.8â148.9) and 229.8 per 1000 person years (95% CI: 216.4â244.0) respectively. After adjusting for age, sex and year of diagnosis, cases with CTD-PF had a better prognosis compared to those with IPF-CS (HR 0.76,95%CI: 0.62â0.92).ConclusionThe prognosis of individuals with CTD-PF appears to be significantly better than those with IPF-CS, but remains an important cause of death in patients with connective tissue disease, and requires more effective treatment options
A broadband stripline technique for characterizing relative permittivity and permeability (article)
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IEEE via the DOI in this record.The dataset associated with this article is located in ORE at: https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.503We present a stripline design and calibration method
allowing the extraction of relative permittivity of single dielectric
samples in the 200 MHz â 50 GHz range. The simultaneous
extraction of relative permittivity and permeability is also illustrated
by characterizing a set of samples comprising magnetic
inclusions over the same frequency range. The calibration
method involves the use of seven measurements of the stripline
scattering parameters (S-parameters) with different length shorts
inserted. From these measurements, it is possible to determine
the reflections at the transition regions of the stripline to correct
the measured S-parameters for characterization. By quantifying
a range of samples with increasing percentage volume filling
of barium titanate in polyurethane for the case of dielectric
samples, and carbonyl iron powder (CIP) for magnetic samples,
this work demonstrates a reliable method for the broadband
characterization of composite materials.This work was supported by The Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council (EPSRC) of the United Kingdom and The Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) of The United Kingdom,
via the EPSRC Center for Doctoral Training in Metamaterials
(Grant No. EP/L015331/1
Electromagnetic Radiation Hardness of Diamond Detectors
The behavior of artificially grown CVD diamond films under intense
electromagnetic radiation has been studied. The properties of irradiated
diamond samples have been investigated using the method of thermally stimulated
current and by studying their charge collection properties. Diamonds have been
found to remain unaffected after doses of 6.8 MGy of 10 keV photons and 10 MGy
of MeV-range photons. This observation makes diamond an attractive detector
material for a calorimeter in the very forward region of the proposed TESLA
detector.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure
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