When characters impact on dubbing: the role of sexual stereotypes on voice actor/actress’ preferences

Dubbing is a procedure through which an original actor’s voice is replaced with that of a voice actor, usually speaking a different language. Dubbing is not only an adaptation to language but also to cultural beliefs. Across two studies, we analyzed how some Italian participants would prefer a television series’ character to sound. In Study 1, participants read a male/female character description that was manipulated according to gender and sexual stereotypes in order to be masculine, feminine, or gender-neutral. Next, participants were asked to indicate their preference for three voice actors/actresses who sounded heterosexual, gay/lesbian, or ambivalent. Study 2 tested the interplay between a character’s description and the voice of the English-speaking (gay/lesbian vs. heterosexual sounding) actor/actress who played the role in the original television series on dubbing preferences. The results of both studies showed that a character’s description affected dubbing preferences. Participants preferred the gay/lesbian-sounding voice actor/actress to the counter-stereotypical character (i.e., a feminine man or a masculine woman) and the heterosexual-sounding voice actor/actress to the stereotypical character. Interestingly, at least for male targets, the original actor’s voice itself affected the preference for voice actors in the same way. This work suggests that dubbing can maintain and reinforce stereotypes.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

A Systematic and Methodological Review of Attentional Biases in Eating Disorders: Food, Body, and Perfectionism

Objective: The current systematic and methodological review aimed to critically review existing literature utilizing implicit processing, or automatic approach- and/or avoidance-related attentional biases between eating disorder (ED) and nonclinical samples, which: (1) highlights how psychophysiological methods advance knowledge of ED implicit bias; (2) explains how findings fit into transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific ED frameworks; and (3) suggests how research can address perfectionism-related ED biases. Method: Three databases were systematically searched to identify studies: Pubmed, Scopus, and PsychInfo electronic databases. Peer-reviewed studies of 18-39-year-olds with both clinical ED and heathy samples assessing visual attentional biases using pictorial and/or linguistic stimuli related to food, body, and/or perfectionism were included. Results: Forty-six studies were included. While behavioral results were often similar across ED diagnoses, studies incorporating psychophysiological measures often revealed disease-specific attentional biases. Specifically, women with bulimia nervosa (BN) tend to approach food and other body types, whereas women with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to avoid food as well as overweight bodies. Conclusions: Further integration of psychophysiological and behavioral methods may identify subtle processing variations in ED, which may guide prevention strategies and interventions, and provide important clinical implications. Few implicit bias studies include male participants, investigate binge eating disorder, or evaluate perfectionism-relevant stimuli, despite the fact that perfectionism is implicated in models of ED

Food-induced Emotional Resonance Improves Emotion Recognition

The effect of food substances on emotional states has been widely investigated, showing, for example, that eating chocolate is able to reduce negative mood. Here, for the first time, we have shown that the consumption of specific food substances is not only able to induce particular emotional states, but more importantly, to facilitate recognition of corresponding emotional facial expressions in others. Participants were asked to perform an emotion recognition task before and after eating either a piece of chocolate or a small amount of fish sauce – which we expected to induce happiness or disgust, respectively. Our results showed that being in a specific emotional state improves recognition of the corresponding emotional facial expression. Indeed, eating chocolate improved recognition of happy faces, while disgusted expressions were more readily recognized after eating fish sauce. In line with the embodied account of emotion understanding, we suggest that people are better at inferring the emotional state of others when their own emotional state resonates with the observed one

Copying you copying me:Interpersonal motor co-ordination influences automatic imitation

Moving in a co-ordinated fashion with another individual changes our behaviour towards them; we tend to like them more, find them more attractive, and are more willing to co-operate with them. It is generally assumed that this effect on behaviour results from alterations in representations of self and others. Specifically, through neurophysiological perception-action matching mechanisms, interpersonal motor co-ordination (IMC) is believed to forge a neural coupling between actor and observer, which serves to blur boundaries in conceptual self-other representations and causes positive views of the self to be projected onto others. An investigation into this potential neural mechanism is lacking, however. Moreover, the specific components of IMC that might influence this mechanism have not yet been specified. In the present study we exploited a robust behavioural phenomenon - automatic imitation - to assess the degree to which IMC influences neural action observation-execution matching mechanisms. This revealed that automatic imitation is reduced when the actions of another individual are perceived to be synchronised in time, but are spatially incongruent, with our own. We interpret our findings as evidence that IMC does indeed exert an effect on neural perception-action matching mechanisms, but this serves to promote better self-other distinction. Our findings demonstrate that further investigation is required to understand the complex relationship between neural perception-action coupling, conceptual self-other representations, and social behaviour

The free-energy self:A predictive coding account of self-recognition

Recognising and representing one's self as distinct from others is a fundamental component of self-awareness. However, current theories of self-recognition are not embedded within global theories of cortical function and therefore fail to provide a compelling explanation of how the self is processed. We present a theoretical account of the neural and computational basis of self-recognition that is embedded within the free-energy account of cortical function. In this account one's body is processed in a Bayesian manner as the most likely to be "me". Such probabilistic representation arises through the integration of information from hierarchically organised unimodal systems in higher-level multimodal areas. This information takes the form of bottom-up "surprise" signals from unimodal sensory systems that are explained away by top-down processes that minimise the level of surprise across the brain. We present evidence that this theoretical perspective may account for the findings of psychological and neuroimaging investigations into self-recognition and particularly evidence that representations of the self are malleable, rather than fixed as previous accounts of self-recognition might suggest

The bodily social self: a link between phenomenal and narrative selfhood

The Phenomenal Self (PS) is widely considered to be dependent on body representations, whereas the Narrative Self (NS) is generally thought to rely on abstract cognitive representations. The concept of the Bodily Social Self (BSS) might play an important role in explaining how the high level cognitive self-representations enabling the NS might emerge from the bodily basis of the PS. First, the phenomenal self (PS) and narrative self (NS), are briefly examined. Next, the BSS is defined and its potential for explaining aspects of social cognition is explored. The minimal requirements for a BSS are considered, before reviewing empirical evidence regarding the development of the BSS over the first year of life. Finally, evidence on the involvement of the body in social distinctions between self and other is reviewed to illustrate how the BSS is affected by both the bottom up effects of multisensory stimulation and the top down effects of social identification

On synchrony and social relations: the role of synchronous multisensory stimulations in self-other merging, social bonding and ingroup-bias reduction

In psicologia sociale, e in particolare negli studi sulle relazioni intime e le relazioni all’interno del gruppo d’appartenenza, è stato osservato come le persone con cui abbiamo dei legami (e.g., partner, amici, membri del nostro gruppo) siano incluse nella rappresentazione del sé. Nella presente tesi mi sono interessata al ruolo del corpo, e in particolare alla sincronia interpersonale (i.e., la messa in atto di azioni sincrone, come nel caso di una marcia o una danza), nel suscitare questo senso di inclusione. Recentemente, alcuni studi hanno sottolineato i molteplici effetti sociali della sincronia, come il sentirsi parte di un’unità, i sentimenti di affiliazione e i comportamenti cooperativi. Quale sia il processo sottostante di questi effetti è però una questione che è stata raramente presa in considerazione. Facendo un parallelo tra gli studi sulle relazioni sociali in psicologia sociale e le ricerche di neuroscienze cognitive, che dimostrano come i confini della nostra rappresentazione corporea siano flessibili e frutto dall’integrazione di informazioni visive, tattili e propriocettive, ho avanzato l’ipotesi che l’integrazione multisensoriale possa essere una delle possibili spiegazioni degli effetti sociali della sincronia. Ispirandosi a questi studi sulla percezione corporea e all’”illusione della mano di gomma”, ai partecipanti veniva data una stimolazione tattile sul volto mentre guardavano un video dove una persona riceveva la stessa stimolazione in modo sincrono o asincrono. E’ noto che in queste illusioni multisensoriali, una stimolazione visuo-tattile sincrona (vs. asincrona) permetta l’inclusione nella rappresentazione del sé corporeo di oggetti esterni, che sia una mano finta o il viso di uno sconosciuto. I risultati di un primo studio (Capitolo 2) evidenziano come la sincronia (vs. asincronia) della stimolazione induca un’illusione di diventare la persona nel video e che questa alterazione del sé corporeo porti anche ad una inclusione dell'altro nel sé a livello concettuale (i.e., vicinanza, similarità, piacevolezza e conformismo. Questo risultato è stato replicati negli studi successivi. Evidenze mediazionali (Capitolo 2) e uno studio di controllo (Capitolo 3) sottolineano come sia l’illusione corporea di diventare l’altro ad essere responsabile degli effetti sociali trovati. E’ stato inoltre evidenziato come, oltre a influenzare la percezione dell’altro, una stimolazione multisensoriale sincrona (vs. asincrona) abbia un effetto anche sulla valutazione del sé. Mettendo in parallelo la reazione sulla percezione di sé con gli studi sul confronto sociale nelle relazioni importanti è stato possibile sottolineare come questo tipo di stimolazione multisensoriale, quando sincrona (vs. asincrona), non induca solo una semplice assimilazione percettiva ma un legame di tipo relazionale (Capitolo 4). Inoltre, l’effetto di inclusione dell’altro creato dalla sincronia è generalizzabile anche a livello intergruppi. Riprendendo il classico paradigma della mano di gomma e manipolando l’appartenenza etnica (mano bianca vs. nera) o l’età (mano di un giovane vs. anziano) della mano finta è stato possibile valutare da una parte l’effetto della categorizzazione sociale sull’illusione e, dall’altra, l’effetto della manipolazione sia sulla percezione di un membro dell’in-group e dell’out-group, oltre che dei loro gruppi di appartenenza (Capitolo 5). Un ultimo studio (Capitolo 6) si colloca nel dibattito tra il peso dei fattori sensoriali bottom-up (i.e., sincronia) e delle conoscenze pregresse sul corpo, o top-down (e.g., legame funzionale tra gli stimoli) nelle illusioni multisensoriali (e.g., mano di gomma). Nell’insieme questi studi mostrano come l’integrazione multisensoriale giochi un ruolo importante nel senso di unità e fusione con l’altro creato dalla sincronia e sottolineano inoltre come le nostre relazioni sociali siano parzialmente radicate nella nostra rappresentazione corporea

DISCUTENDO DI EMBODIMENT: NECESSIT\uc0 O STRATEGIA COGNITIVA?

Negli ultimi anni sono molte le ricerche che si stanno interessando di come corpo e cognizione si interfaccino ed influenzino reciprocamente. I processi senso-motori, dovuti sia a stati fisici transitori che ad interazioni abituali e ripetute con l\u2019ambiente, si sono rivelati importanti anche nella rappresentazione e costruzione del mondo sociale. Allo stato attuale dell\u2019arte \ue8 importante chiedersi 1) se \ue8 possibile distinguere diversi processi attraverso cui l\u2019embodiment influenza la cognizione, 2) quali fattori possano moderare processi di tipo embodied e 3) che implicazioni pratiche hanno tali processi nelle prese di decisione. Gli studi qui proposti apportano nuove conoscenze in questa direzione, presentando recenti risultati empirici su diversi bias di tipo embodied individuando da un lato possibili moderatori come la distanza psicologica (Giacomantonio & Suitner) o l\u2019intensit\ue0 delle esperienze corporee (Bettinsoli & Kumar) e dall\u2019altro implicazioni concrete per la vita di tutti i giorni come la scelte lavorative delle donne (Mazzurega, Bonfiglioli & Bizzego) o l\u2019affidamento di bambini a tutori (Timeo & Bettinsoli). Inoltre verranno discussi possibili processi cognitivi che spiegano gli effetti embodied da approcci teorici differenti (Sulpizio, Mulatti, Treccani & Job). Tra i fenomeni embodied indagati dai contributi al presente simposio possiamo annoverare lo Spatial Agency Bias (SAB), dovuto alla traiettoria della lettura e scrittura (vettore sinistra-destra per l\u2019Italiano), la verticalit\ue0, associata a caratteristiche come potere e status, e l\u2019effetto del tipo di font (facile o difficile da leggere) sulla percezione della difficolt\ue0 di un compito. Questo simposio ha dunque come obiettivo ampliare il dibattito sulla cognizione situata, superando la tendenza degli ultimi anni di portare esempi a suo sostegno per promuovere invece un approccio critico teso ad uno sviluppo di tipo teorico del fenomeno

When Characters Impact on Dubbing: The Role of Sexual Stereotypes on Voice Actor/Actress’ Preferences

Dubbing is a procedure through which an original actor's voice is replaced with that of a voice actor, usually speaking a different language. Dubbing is not only an adaptation to language but also to cultural beliefs. Across 2 studies, we analyzed how some Italian participants would prefer a TV series’ character to sound like. In Study 1, participants read a male/female character description that was manipulated according to gender and sexual stereotypes in order to be masculine, feminine or neutral. Next, participants were asked to indicate their preference for 3 voice actors/actresses who sounded heterosexual, gay/lesbian or ambivalent. Study 2 tested the interplay between a character’s description and the voice of the English-speaking (gay/lesbian- vs. heterosexual-sounding) actor/actress who played the role in the original TV series on dubbing preferences. The results of both studies showed that a character's description affected dubbing preferences. Participants preferred the gay/lesbian-sounding voice actor/actress to the counter-stereotypical character (i.e., a feminine man or a masculine woman) and the heterosexual -sounding voice actor/actress to the stereotypical character. Interestingly, at least for male targets, the original actor's voice itself affected the preference for voice actors in the same way. This work suggests that dubbing can maintain and reinforce stereotypes