Effects of chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) supplementation on metabolism, inflammation, and production parameters in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs

Heat stress (HS) adversely impacts all aspects of global agriculture, and it particularly constrains domestic animal productivity and compromises animal welfare. Heat-stressed animals employ physiologic and metabolic adjustments to ameliorate the heat insult; consequently, efficiency is compromised because nutrients are partly diverted away from production purposes to maintain euthermia. Reduced animal productivity during HS can also be attributed to the direct effects of HS (independent of nutrient intake) on metabolism, physiology, reproduction, and health. Therefore, identifying nutritional alternatives with the potential to ameliorate the detrimental effects of HS on economically important performance and health is of particular interest. The overall thesis objectives were to investigate the dietary effects of chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) supplementation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. In the first study (Chapter 2), finishing pigs were used in a replicated experiment to evaluate the effects of Cr propionate supplementation on growth performance and metabolism during HS. As expected, pigs exposed to HS had increased thermal indices and decreased growth performance. However, Cr supplementation tended to increase average daily gain in chronically heat-stressed pigs. Regardless of environmental treatments, pigs supplemented with Cr had numerically increased feed intake. Further, adding Cr to the HS pig diet increased circulating neutrophils and monocytes. The second study (Chapter 3) evaluated the effects of Zn amino acid complex on metabolism, leaky gut biomarkers, and inflammation during and following HS. Pigs exposed to HS had increased body temperature and respiration rates as well as reduced production metrics. Despite marked reductions in feed intake, circulating insulin increased during HS and remained increased during thermal neutral recovery. Interestingly, supplemental Zn tended to decrease plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels before and after HS exposure. However, no effects of dietary Zn were observed on production parameters or other blood metabolites. In conclusion, both experiments demonstrated that HS adversely impacts animal productivity and health. Results suggest that Cr supplementation might be beneficial on growth performance and health during HS. Additionally, Zn supplementation might be advantageous at reducing basal inflammation. Altogether, these findings suggest that dietary interventions aimed at alleviating the negative consequences of HS are plausible. However, additional research is needed to better understand the biology and mode of action of both Cr and Zn supplementation during HS

Heat stress adaptations in pigs

Implications • Heat stress is a global issue constraining animal agriculture productivity, negatively affects welfare, and reduces production efficiency in many countries. • The effects of heat stress on pig production will intensify, if climate change continues as predicted. • To date, modifying the environment is the most effective way to mitigate the effects of heat stress. • Identifying additional strategies (nutritional and genetics) to maximize pork production during the warm summer months is necessary to satiate a growing demand for high quality meat for human consumption

Diagnóstico de la situación actual de la tecnología 5G: Suramérica

This paper presents an analysis of the current state of 5G technology deployment in South American countries. The research is carried out employing an informal survey of the current regulations in mobile technologies, to later carry out a general overview of the most relevant aspects in the 13 South American countries and French Guiana. The commercial launches of 5G in the countries of Uruguay, Surinam, and Brazil are highlighted. The 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz spectrum bands are identified as potential for 5G development, used in a total of 26 tests distributed in 9 countries, except for Guiana, Paraguay, Venezuela, and French Guiana. Likewise, the countries with the highest spectrum release rate are Brazil with 609 MHz and Peru with 554.4 MHz, while Ecuador and Bolivia are the last ones in this aspect with 290 MHz and 284 MHz respectively, except for Argentina, the telecommunications sector in South America is decentralized, which means that there are several regulatory bodies. This study was conducted to review the current state of mobile technology in South America and obtain an overview of the actions carried out in the region for the implementation of 5G technology.Este trabajo presenta un análisis del estado actual del despliegue de tecnología 5G de los países de Suramérica. La investigación se realiza por medio de un levantamiento de información de la normativa vigente en tecnologías móviles para posteriormente realizar una visión general de los aspectos más relevantes en Suramérica. Se destacan los lanzamientos comerciales del 5G de los países de Uruguay, Surinam y Brasil. Se identifican las bandas del espectro de 3,5 GHz y 28 GHz como potenciales para el desarrollo 5G, utilizadas en un total de 26 pruebas distribuidas en 9 países, exceptuando a la Guyana, Paraguay, Venezuela y la Guyana Francesa, así mismo, los países que cuentan con un mayor índice de liberación de espectro son Brasil con 609 MHz y Perú con 554,4 MHz mientras que Ecuador y Bolivia son los últimos en este aspecto con  290 MHz y 284 MHz respectivamente, a excepción de Argentina el sector de las telecomunicaciones en Suramérica es descentralizado esto quiere decir que existen varios organismos reguladores. Este estudio fue realizado con la finalidad de revisar el estado actual de la tecnología móvil en Suramérica y obtener una visión general de las acciones llevadas a cabo en la región para la implementación de la tecnología 5G

Propuesta de un modelo de implementación de normas internacionales de información financiera para la Fundación Leonistica de Salud Ocular

El presente trabajo muestra un ejercicio económico donde Los Estados Financieros se presentarán de acuerdo con las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF), emitidas por el Ente International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB) y representan la adopción integral, explícita y sin reservas de las referidas normas internacionales, en la Fundación Leonistica de Salud Ocular entidad sin ánimo de lucro prestadora de servicios de salud clasificada en el grupo 2, la Fundación no ha iniciado la ejecución de la adopción y preparación del ESFA bajo NIIF, por lo cual se crea la necesidad de realizar una propuesta de políticas contables que faciliten la implementación y que permita brindarles un apoyo e información con el cual se podrá seguir con el proceso dentro de su sistema de información, así como el manejo adecuado de la contabilidad dando una opinión más allá de la normatividad vigente y facilitar la toma de decisiones gerenciales.The present work shows an economic exercise where The Financial statements will appear in agreement with the International Procedure of Financial Information (NIIF), issued by the Entity International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and they represent the integral, explicit adoption and without reservations of the above-mentioned international procedure, in the Foundation Leonistica of Ocular Health non-profit-making entity prestadora of services of health classified under the group 2, the Foundation has not initiated the execution of the adoption and preparation of the ESFA under NIIF, for which one believes the need to realize an offer of countable policies that facilitate the implementation and that a support and information allows to offer to them with which it will be possible continue with the process inside his information system,For which one believes the need to realize an offer of countable policies that facilitate the implementation and that a support and information allows to offer to them with which it will be possible continue with the process inside his information system, as well as the suitable managing of the accounting giving an opinion beyond the in force normatividad and to facilitate the capture of managerial decisionsProfesional en Contaduría Public

Control de costos de producción en organizaciones hoteleras

In the modern business context, it is observed that the dynamics by which the hotel sector has adopted constitutes the obtaining of profitability with low investment in long-term assets, and in many cases they even register production costs empirically, becoming a priority to offer decent accommodation without considering the expectations of the consumer (tourist). In Ecuador hotel organizations have experienced a constant growth, so the objective of this research is to analyze the cost control of production processes, optimization of resources and strategic actions, which allow the improvement of the economic administration in hotel organizations For this, it is necessary to assess the financial situation and cost control in these companies, through a categorical analysis and documentary review of secondary sources that identify the fragmentation of the bibliography and the state of practice.En el contexto empresarial moderno se encuentra que la dinámica por la que ha adoptado el sector hotelero constituye la obtención de rentabilidad con baja inversión en activos de larga duración, y en muchos de los casos inclusive se realiza el registro de costos de producción de forma empírica, convirtiéndose en prioridad ofrecer alojamiento digno sin considerar las expectativas del consumidor (turista). En el Ecuador las organizaciones hoteleras han experimentado un crecimiento constante, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar el control de costos de procesos de producción, optimización de recursos y acciones estratégicas, que permitan el mejoramiento de la administración económica en las organizaciones hoteleras, para esto es necesario evaluar la situación financiera y el control de costos en estas empresas, mediante un análisis categorial y revisión documental de fuentes secundarias que permitan identificar la fragmentación de la bibliografía y el estado de la práctica

Interaction of the management audit in the strategic direction of transport cooperatives

La realidad empresarial moderna de las distintas organizaciones a nivel global en cuanto a la evaluación del cumplimiento de objetivos,  conlleva al diagnóstico de la interacción de la auditoría de gestión en el direccionamiento estratégico,  por lo que es  preciso considerar la inclusión de los componentes de la responsabilidad social en su gestión, es cuando surge la urgente necesidad de que las memorias de la ejecución de este tipo de auditoría formen parte de la visión estratégica de cualquier organización, por consiguiente para el caso de cooperativas de transporte de pasajeros en el Ecuador es menester valorar la influencia de la medición del componente social en el direccionamiento estratégico, tema que dada su fragmentación en la bibliografía, se determinó como objetivo general de este trabajo: estructurar un diseño de investigación que permita abordar esta situación en sus diferentes niveles, en tal sentido para este estudio se diseña un procedimiento de diagnóstico, en el que se determinaron cuatro (4) etapas de trabajo caracterizadas en tres (3) niveles: el primero integrado por el gobierno cooperativo y los representantes del área financiera de la cooperativa que se denominarán gestores; el segundo lo conforman los auditores externos que serán los controladores, y los representantes de la comunidad considerados usuarios que corresponde el tercer nivel del procedimiento planteado.The modern business reality of the different organizations at the global level regarding the evaluation of the fulfillment of objectives, leads to the diagnosis of the interaction of the management audit in the strategic direction, for which it is necessary to consider the inclusion of the components of the social responsibility in its management, is when the urgent need arises for the reports of the execution of this type of audit to form part of the strategic vision of any organization, therefore in the case of passenger transport cooperatives in Ecuador it is necessary assess the influence of the measurement of the social component in the strategic direction, an issue that given its fragmentation in the bibliography, it was determined as a general objective of this work: to structure a research design that allows addressing this situation at its different levels, in this sense for this study a procedure of diagnosis, in which four (4) stages of work characterized in three (3) levels were determined: the first consisting of the cooperative government and the representatives of the financial area of the cooperative who will be called managers; The second is made up of the external auditors who will be the controllers, and the community representatives considered users that correspond to the third level of the proposed procedure

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost