Conjugated Polymer−Gold−Silver Hybrid Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Energy Focusing

The utilization of plasmonic energy in the form of heat, resonance energy, and/or hot carriers offers unique possibilities for various applications, like in catalytic and medical applications, due to their simple recyclability or administration. A common strategy to make this plasmonic energy available to the direct environment is to introduce conductive polymer coatings to transfer the energy and to increase the excitons lifetime. However, their practical use is limited due to the limited spectral match of gold with commonly used polymeric materials and semiconductors, the oxidation vulnerability of silver, and the short range of the required strong plasmonic interactions. To overcome these challenges, we developed the synthesis of conjugated polymer–gold–silver hybrid colloids that simultaneously enable silver as the central plasmonic material and prolong the internal relaxation by a heterojunction with a conductive polymer shell. The introduced thin gold layer focuses the plasmonic energy to the metal surface, enhancing and enabling the photocatalyzed polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) while maintaining the plasmonic properties of silver. Hence, the introduced hybrid particles allow the foreseeable use of plasmonic energy in real-world applications via the strong plasmonics of silver and compatible conductive polymer shells as mediators

Gray Matter Covariance Networks as Classifiers and Predictors of Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease

The study of shared variation in gray matter morphology may define neurodegenerative diseases beyond what can be detected from the isolated assessment of regional brain volumes. We, therefore, aimed to (1) identify SCNs (structural covariance networks) that discriminate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls (HC), (2) investigate their diagnostic accuracy in comparison and above established markers, and (3) determine if they are associated with cognitive abilities. We applied a random forest algorithm to identify discriminating networks from a set of 20 SCNs. The algorithm was trained on a main sample of 104 AD patients and 104 age-matched HC and was then validated in an independent sample of 28 AD patients and 28 controls from another center. Only two of the 20 SCNs contributed significantly to the discrimination between AD and controls. These were a temporal and a secondary somatosensory SCN. Their diagnostic accuracy was 74% in the original cohort and 80% in the independent samples. The diagnostic accuracy of SCNs was comparable with that of conventional volumetric MRI markers including whole brain volume and hippocampal volume. SCN did not significantly increase diagnostic accuracy beyond that of conventional MRI markers. We found the temporal SCN to be associated with verbal memory at baseline. No other associations with cognitive functions were seen. SCNs failed to predict the course of cognitive decline over an average of 18 months. We conclude that SCNs have diagnostic potential, but the diagnostic information gain beyond conventional MRI markers is limited

Chemical and microbiological quality of pink shrimp sold in São Paulo

Durante as etapas de captura, manipulação e distribuição, o camarão precisa receber tratamentos adequados visando à manutenção das condições apropriadas de consumo. Com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade de camarão-rosa comercializado no município de São Paulo, amostras do crustáceo foram submetidas a testes de bases voláteis totais (BVT), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs), pH e análises microbiológicas (contagens totais de mesófilos e psicrotróficos). Estas provas, analisadas em conjunto, são consideradas parâmetros adequados no reconhecimento da qualidade do pescado. As amostras analisadas apresentaram valores de pH de 7,09 a 8,10, BVT entre 27,6 e 73 mgN/100 g, TBARs de 0,17 a 2,12 mg aldeído malônico/kg, contagem total de mesófilos de 2,5 x 10³ a 1,7 x 10(7) UFC/g e contagem total de psicrotróficos variando de 1,1 x 10(4) a 3,0 x 10(7) UFC/g. Os resultados obtidos sugerem qualidade química insatisfatória para o camarão-rosa analisado, incompatível para um produto considerado comercialmente como fresco.It is necessary to take special care when catching, handling and distributing shrimps in order to keep them in adequate conditions for future consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of pink shrimp sold in São Paulo, Brazil. Samples of this crustacean were submitted to VBN (Volatile Basic Nitrogen), TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances), pH and microbial analyses (Mesophilic and Psychrotrophic Plate Counts). These tests together are suitable parameters to evaluate the fish quality. The analyses of the samples showed the following results: the pH values ranged from 7.09 to 8.10, the VBN values ranged from 27.6 to 73 mgN/100 g, the TBARS values ranged from 0.17 to 2.12 mg malonaldehyde/kg, the Mesophilic Plate Counts ranged from 2.5 x 10³ to 1.7 x 10(7) UFC/g, and the Psychrotrophic Plate Counts ranged from 1.1 x 10(4) to 3.0 x 10(7) UFC/g. The results suggest that the pink shrimp analyzed had an unsatisfactory chemical quality incompatible with a product sold as fresh

Epidural Hematoma Following Cervical Spine Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN: A multicentered retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and circumstances surrounding the development of a symptomatic postoperative epidural hematoma in the cervical spine. METHODS: Patients who underwent cervical spine surgery between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011, at 23 institutions were reviewed, and all patients who developed an epidural hematoma were identified. RESULTS: A total of 16 582 cervical spine surgeries were identified, and 15 patients developed a postoperative epidural hematoma, for a total incidence of 0.090%. Substantial variation between institutions was noted, with 11 sites reporting no epidural hematomas, and 1 site reporting an incidence of 0.76%. All patients initially presented with a neurologic deficit. Nine patients had complete resolution of the neurologic deficit after hematoma evacuation; however 2 of the 3 patients (66%) who had a delay in the diagnosis of the epidural hematoma had residual neurologic deficits compared to only 4 of the 12 patients (33%) who had no delay in the diagnosis or treatment (P = .53). Additionally, the patients who experienced a postoperative epidural hematoma did not experience any significant improvement in health-related quality-of-life metrics as a result of the index procedure at final follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSION: This is the largest series to date to analyze the incidence of an epidural hematoma following cervical spine surgery, and this study suggest that an epidural hematoma occurs in approximately 1 out of 1000 cervical spine surgeries. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may improve the chance of making a complete neurologic recovery, but patients who develop this complication do not show improvements in the health-related quality-of-life measurements

Análise crítica da dietoterapia anti-obesidade: caminho a uma posição SAN

Un aspecto controvertido del abordaje terapéutico de la obesidad es la selección del plan dietoterápico más efectivo. Existe consenso acerca de la necesidad de que éste sea hipocalórico, como aspecto fundamental del tratamiento. Sin embargo, la comunidad científica experimenta un intenso debate respecto de qué tipo de dieta resulta más eficaz, ya sea en términos de proporción de macronutrientes como de valor calórico total, para alcanzar y mantener un descenso de peso significativo. Aunque el estilo de vida es universalmente aceptado como eje del abordaje del sobrepeso, aún no existen estrategias efectivas para mejorar la escasa adherencia a las dietas en el mediano y largo plazo. Esto genera la proliferación de dietas heterodoxas que prometen resultados mágicos y no están sustentadas en la evidencia científica. El plan alimentario ideal debería ser balanceado, placentero, sostenible en el tiempo y generar consecuencias positivas, más allá del peso corporal. El Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad de la Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición se propuso llevar adelante una revisión crítica de la bibliografía disponible respecto de los beneficios, riesgos y evidencias de las dietas más difundidas en la actualidad. Esta revisión tiene como meta servir como marco teórico para la generación de una toma de posición al respecto por parte de la Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición.One controversial aspect of the therapeutic approach to obesity is the selection of the most effective dietotherapic plan. There is consensus that it should be hypocaloric as a basic feature. However, there is strong debate in the scientific community about which type of diet is more effective (in terms of macronutrients proportion or total caloric value) to reach and maintain a significant weight loss. Although lifestyle is universally accepted as the main pillar of obesity treatment, there is still no optimal strategy that helps improving mid- and long-term adherence to diets. This leads to a proliferation of heterodox diets that promote magic results and are not based on scientific evidence. The ideal dietary plan should be balanced, pleasant, sustainable and also able to produce positive consequences beyond body weight. The Obesity Workgroup of the Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición (Argentinian Society for Nutrition, SAN) decided to carry out a critical revision of the available bibliography on the benefits, risks and evidences of today's most widespread diets. The aim of this revision was to serve as a theoretical framework for the conception of SAN's official position on this matter.Um aspecto controvertido da abordagem terapêutica da obesidade é a escolha do plano dietoterápico mais efetivo. Existe um consenso sobre a necessidade de que o mesmo seja hipocalórico, como aspecto fundamental do tratamento. No entanto, a comunidade científica experimenta um intenso debate em relação ao tipo de dieta que resulta mais eficaz, seja em termos de proporção de macronutrientes ou de valor calórico total, para alcançar e manter uma perda de peso significativa. Ainda que o estilo de vida seja universalmente aceito como eixe da abordagem do sobrepeso, ainda não existem estratégias efetivas para melhorar a escassa adesão às dietas a médio e longo prazo. Isto gera a proliferação de dietas heterodoxas que prometem resultados mágicos e não estão sustentadas na evidência científica. O plano alimentício ideal deveria ser balanceado, prazeroso, sustentável no tempo e gerar consequências positivas, independente do peso corporal. O Grupo de Trabalho de Obesidade da Sociedade Argentina de Nutrição se propôs levar adiante uma revisão científica da bibliografia disponível em relação aos benefícios, riscos e evidências das dietas mais difundidas atualmente. Esta revisão tem como objetivo servir como marco teórico para a geração de uma toma de posição a respeito por parte da Sociedade Argentina de Nutrição.Fil: Katz, Mónica. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Cappelletti, Ana María. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Viñuales, Martín. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: de la Plaza, Marcela. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Langellotti, Alicia. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Lerotich, Vesna. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Aguirre Ackerman, Marianela. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Anger, Vanesa. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Armeno, Marisa. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Bertoloti, Daniela. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Cortegoso, Inés. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Giannini, Martín. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Harwicz, Paola. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Kawior, Inés. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Mayer, Marcos Alejandro. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pentreath, Carolina. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad; Argentin

C5 Palsy After Cervical Spine Surgery: A Multicenter Retrospective Review of 59 Cases.

STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, retrospective review of C5 palsy after cervical spine surgery. OBJECTIVE: Postoperative C5 palsy is a known complication of cervical decompressive spinal surgery. The goal of this study was to review the incidence, patient characteristics, and outcome of C5 palsy in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective review of 13 946 patients across 21 centers who received cervical spine surgery (levels C2 to C7) between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011, inclusive. P values were calculated using 2-sample t test for continuous variables and χ(2) tests or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. RESULTS: Of the 13 946 cases reviewed, 59 patients experienced a postoperative C5 palsy. The incidence rate across the 21 sites ranged from 0% to 2.5%. At most recent follow-up, 32 patients reported complete resolution of symptoms (54.2%), 15 had symptoms resolve with residual effects (25.4%), 10 patients did not recover (17.0%), and 2 were lost to follow-up (3.4%). CONCLUSION: C5 palsy occurred in all surgical approaches and across a variety of diagnoses. The majority of patients had full recovery or recovery with residual effects. This study represents the largest series of North American patients reviewed to date

Documento de Consenso sobre a abordagem nutricional do paciente com sobrepeso e obesidade. Sociedade Argentina de Nutrição

Con el objetivo de elaborar un documento destinado a los profesionales de la salud dedicados a la nutrición, en especial a los que tratan a pacientes obesos, la Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición, a través de su Grupo de Trabajo de Obesidad, convocó a expertos especialistas en el tema a fin de lograr un consenso acerca del abordaje nutricional de los pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Se llevaron a cabo tres reuniones, entre noviembre de 2010 y agosto de 2011, en las que numerosos profesionales del ámbito involucrado (médicos especialistas en nutrición, licenciados en nutrición y psicólogos) debatieron acerca de diferentes cuestiones relacionadas con el tratamiento nutricional que necesita el paciente que padece de sobrepeso u obesidad. Finalmente, se elaboró el presente documento con la finalidad de que llegue al mayor número posible de profesionales y resulten beneficiados la mayor cantidad posible de pacientesWith the objective of creating a document for health care professionals specialized in nutrition, particularly for those who treat obese patients, the Argentine Society of Nutrition, represented by the Obesity Working Group, reunited a group of subject specialists with the aim of reaching a consensus on the nutritional management of overweight and obese patients. Three meetings were held between November 2010 and August 2011, in which a large number of professionals (doctors who specialize in nutrition, nutritionists and psychologists) debated about different questions related to the nutritional treatment needed by overweight and obese patients. Finally, the following document was developed in order to reach the largest possible number of professionals and, therefore, benefit the largest possible number of patients.Com o objetivo de elaborar um documento destinado aos profissionais da saúde dedicados à nutrição, especialmente àqueles que tratam de pacientes obesos, a Sociedade Argentina deNutrição, através do seuGrupo de Trabalho de Obesidade, convocou especialistas no assunto a fim de obter um consenso sobre a abordagem nutricional dos pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade. Foram realizadas três reuniões, entre novembro de 2010 e agosto de 2011, onde numerosos profissionais do meio envolvido(médicos especialistas emnutrição,nutricionistas e psicólogos) debateram sobre as diferentes questões relacionadas com o tratamento nutricional que precisa o paciente que padece de sobrepeso ou obesidade. Finalmente, foi elaborado o presente documento com a finalidade de chegar ao maior número possível de profissionais e de beneficiar a maior quantidade possível de pacientes.Fil: Katz, Mónica. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Cappelletti, Ana M.. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Kawior, Inés. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Aguirre Ackermann, Marianela. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Anger, Vanesa. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Armeno, Marisa. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Giannini, Martín. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Langellotti, Alicia. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Mayer, Marcos Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Pentreath, Carolina. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; ArgentinaFil: Viñuales, Martín. Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición. Grupo de Trabajo Obesidad; Argentin

Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn.: enraizamento, anatomia e análises bioquímicas nas quatro estações do ano.

The present work tried to verify the effects of application of different concentration of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in talc in solution, in the rooting of cutting of Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn.  collected in the four seasons, as well as its anatomical and biochemical variation. The semiharwood cuttings were treated with 0, 1500 and 3000 mg L-1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), in powder and alchoolic solutions. After 65 days in a greenhouse, rooting percentage, length and number of roots, cutting with callus percentage and survival, were evaluated. The use of the IBA was efficient in the induction radicial, being indifferent the form in which it was applied. The most promising stations in the formation of the system radicial were the spring (78,75%) with 3000 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA and the summer (63,12 %)  with 1500 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA.  (82,50%) with 3000 mg kg-1 IBA. Considering the cutting in the base of the stakes, in the moment of the cutting, no possible anatomical barrier or structural difference were detected so that it should promoted variations in the answers of the rooting uring the four seasons. Biochemical analyses done from the cuttings collected in the four seasons revealed that the largest concentrations of total sugars were obtained in the winter (83,21 mg g-1) and in the autumn (72,79 mg g-1). The same stations also presented the largest protein concentrations (4,69 and 3,95 mg g-1 respectively).O presente trabalho buscou verificar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB), em talco e em solução, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. coletadas nas quatro estações do ano, bem como suas variações anatômicas e bioquímicas. Estacas semilenhosas foram tratadas com 0, 1500 e 3000 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB), em talco e solução 50% alcoólica. Após 65 dias em casa-de-vegetação, foram avaliados a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, o número e o comprimento das raízes, a porcentagem de estacas com calos e a sobrevivência. O uso do AIB mostrou-se eficiente na indução radicial, sendo indiferente a forma em que foi aplicado. As estações mais promissoras foram a primavera (78,75%) com 3.000 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB e o verão (63,12%) com 1.500 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB. Das secções feitas na base das estacas, no momento da estaquia, não foi detectada nenhuma possível barreira anatômica ou diferença estrutural que promovesse variações no enraizamento. Análises bioquímicas feitas das estacas revelaram que as maiores concentrações de açúcares totais foram obtidas no inverno (83,21 mg g-1 de tecido) e no outono (72,79 mg g-1), as estações que também apresentaram as maiores concentrações de proteínas (4,69 e 3,95 mg g-1 respectivamente)

ESTAQUIA E ANATOMIA DE VASSOURÃO-BRANCO

Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusén (Asteraceae) is a brazilian native woody species belonging to Mixed Rain Forest (Araucaria´s Forest) with potential use for enviromental restoration and economical in plantation for woody production. Its propagation by seeds presents difficulties by irregular production and collection and low germination by poor number of feasible seeds. This work aims to verify the rooting response for semihardwood cuttings of annual shoots from mature plants, collected in spring 2004, summer, autumn and winter 2005 in Colombo, Paraná state, Brazil and submitted a different treatments by alcoholic solution with use of plant growth regulator indolebutyric acid (IBA). Anatomical and biochemical analysis of total carbohydrates and proteins were made to investigate possible obstacle to roots initiation. The statistical analyses were made by completly randomized design with four treatments of twenty cuttings, evaluating rooting percentage, callus cuttings, alive and dead cuttings. No adventitous rooting response was verified in all seasons studied. The presence of fibers was not related as anatomical barrier to rooting. The microchemical tests weren’t conclusive to presence phenolic compounds and total carbohydrates and proteins weren´t correlated to rooting.Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusén (Asteraceae) é uma espécie arbórea nativa brasileira pertencente à Floresta Ombrófila Mista, com potencial ambiental para recuperação de ecossistemas e produção madeireira. A propagação seminal desta espécie apresenta dificuldades devido a irregularidade na produção e coleta, aliadas a baixa germinação pela formação de poucas sementes viáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de brotações do ano de plantas matrizes adultas, coletadas na primavera de 2004, verão, outono e inverno de 2005, no município de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil, tratadas com soluções alcoólicas do regulador vegetal ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Análises anatômicas e bioquímicas de açúcares totais e proteínas foram realizadas para investigação de possíveis impedimentos à iniciação radicial. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições de 20 estacas por parcela, avaliando-se as porcentagens de estacas enraizadas, com calos, vivas e mortas.  Não houve enraizamento em qualquer dos tratamentos nas épocas estudadas. A presença de fibras não foi relacionada ao impedimento da iniciação radicial. Os testes microquímicos não foram conclusivos quanto à presença de compostos fenólicos. Os teores de açúcares totais e proteínas não foram correlacionados ao enraizamento adventício

Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn,: rooting, anatomy and biochemical analyses in the four seasons

O presente trabalho buscou verificar os efeitos da aplica\ue7\ue3o de diferentes concentra\ue7\uf5es do \ue1cido indolbut\uedrico (AIB), em talco e em solu\ue7\ue3o, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. coletadas nas quatro esta\ue7\uf5es do ano, bem como suas varia\ue7\uf5es anat\uf4micas e bioqu\uedmicas. Estacas semilenhosas foram tratadas com 0, 1500 e 3000 mg L-1 de \ue1cido indolbut\uedrico (AIB), em talco e solu\ue7\ue3o 50% alco\uf3lica. Ap\uf3s 65 dias em casa-de-vegeta\ue7\ue3o, foram avaliados a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, o n\ufamero e o comprimento das ra\uedzes, a porcentagem de estacas com calos e a sobreviv\ueancia. O uso do AIB mostrou-se eficiente na indu\ue7\ue3o radicial, sendo indiferente a forma em que foi aplicado. As esta\ue7\uf5es mais promissoras foram a primavera (78,75%) com 3.000 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB e o ver\ue3o (63,12%) com 1.500 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB. Das sec\ue7\uf5es feitas na base das estacas, no momento da estaquia, n\ue3o foi detectada nenhuma poss\uedvel barreira anat\uf4mica ou diferen\ue7a estrutural que promovesse varia\ue7\uf5es no enraizamento. An\ue1lises bioqu\uedmicas feitas das estacas revelaram que as maiores concentra\ue7\uf5es de a\ue7\ufacares totais foram obtidas no inverno (83,21 mg g-1 de tecido) e no outono (72,79 mg g-1), as esta\ue7\uf5es que tamb\ue9m apresentaram as maiores concentra\ue7\uf5es de prote\uednas (4,69 e 3,95 mg g-1 respectivamente).The present work tried to verify the effects of application of different concentration of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in talc in solution, in the rooting of cutting of Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. collected in the four seasons, as well as its anatomical and biochemical variation. The semiharwood cuttings were treated with 0, 1500 and 3000 mg L-1 indolebutyric acid (IBA), in powder and alchoolic solutions. After 65 days in a greenhouse, rooting percentage, length and number of roots, cutting with callus percentage and survival, were evaluated. The use of the IBA was efficient in the induction radicial, being indifferent the form in which it was applied. The most promising stations in the formation of the system radicial were the spring (78,75%) with 3000 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA and the summer (63,12 %) with 1500 mg L-1 or mg kg-1 IBA. (82,50%) with 3000 mg kg-1 IBA. Considering the cutting in the base of the stakes, in the moment of the cutting, no possible anatomical barrier or structural difference were detected so that it should promoted variations in the answers of the rooting uring the four seasons. Biochemical analyses done from the cuttings collected in the four seasons revealed that the largest concentrations of total sugars were obtained in the winter (83,21 mg g-1) and in the autumn (72,79 mg g-1). The same stations also presented the largest protein concentrations (4,69 and 3,95 mg g-1 respectively)