Plantio compensatório à supressão de árvores nativas de espécies protegidas na BR 101 Sul

TCC (graduação em Agronomia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, 2011Este relatório descreve as atividades desempenhadas durante a disciplina de Estágio Curricular Obrigatório do curso de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, realizado no segundo semestre de 2011, cujo período foi possível acompanhar parte do plantio compensatório de espécies imunes de corte. Este aconteceu em seis municípios entre Torres/RS e Osório/RS, os quais foram atingidos com a supressão de diversas espécies de árvores nativas ao longo do trecho das obras de duplicação da BR 101 - Sul

Análise do rendimento e da qualidade dos extratos obtidos de folhas de patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) submetidas à fermentação e extração com CO2 supercrítico

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2016.O óleo essencial de patchouli é um insumo amplamente utilizado na indústria de cosméticos e perfumaria, possuindo papel importante na definição de alguns perfis olfativos utilizados em perfumes de marcas renomadas no comércio internacional. A extração de óleos essenciais, no contexto da produção de perfumes, é realizada, na sua grande maioria, por arraste a vapor. No caso do patchouli, com essa técnica, o rendimento da extração em óleo atinge em média 1,5 a 3% em massa, sendo que alguns fatores podem interferir nesse rendimento. Parâmetros de cultivo e armazenamento podem interferir na quantidade e qualidade do óleo produzido. Uma possibilidade para aumentar o rendimento em massa de óleo, é conseguir extrair todo o óleo presente na folha da planta. Uma das possibilidades é submeter as folhas a um processo de fermentação. A ação de microrganismo adequado, capaz de destruir as estruturas celulares das folhas, nas quais o óleo fica armazenado, permitirá uma ação mais efetiva do calor sobre o óleo, fazendo com que ocorra o arraste pelo vapor de forma mais eficaz. Se, associado à fermentação das folhas, for utilizada a capacidade do CO2 em estado supercrítico de solvatação do óleo dentro das estruturas porosas das folhas, pode-se obter rendimento em massa superior ao obtido nos processos convencionais. Neste trabalho, testou-se a utilização de duas cepas diferentes do microrganismo Aspergillus niger no processo de fermentação das folhas, e obteve-se o extrato de patchouli utilizando um processo com CO2 a 32°C e pressão de 100 bar por 60 minutos. Foram utilizados testes em triplicata, com granulometria de 1,19 a 2,00 mm, variando-se o tempo de duração do processo de fermentação das folhas de 4 a 20 dias. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que com o microrganismo Aspergillus niger nativo (Tratamento 1), com fermentação de quatro dias, obteve-se um rendimento em extrato de 8,05%, o que equivale a um aumento de produção de 42,98%, comparando-se com o mesmo processo de extração com CO2 supercrítico utilizando-se folhas não fermentadas. Se comparar com o rendimento por arraste a vapor de folhas não fermentadas, o aumento de eficiência é de 270%. A qualidade do óleo obtido foi verificada pelo teor de patchoulol. Na condição de maior rendimento, o teor de patchoulol foi de 38,16%, valor acima dos padrões exigidos pelo mercado desse óleo.Abstract : Patchouli essential oil is an ingredient widely used in the cosmetics and perfumery industry and playing an important role in the definition of some olfactory profiles used in perfumes of important brands in international trade. The extraction of essential oils, in the context of the production of perfumes, is carried out, for the most part, by steam distillation. In the case of patchouli, with this technique, the yield of oil extraction reaches on average 1.5 to 3% of mass, and some factors may interfere with this yield. Culture and storage parameters can interfere with the quantity and quality of the oil produced. One possibility to increase the yield by mass of oil is to be able to extract all the oil present in the plant leaf. One possibility is to subject the leaves to a fermentation process. The proper microorganism action, capable of destroying the cellular structures of the leaves in which the oil is stored, will allow a more effective action of the heat on the oil, causing the drag by the steam to take place more efficiently. If the supercritical CO2 capacity of the oil to get into the porous structures of the leaves be used in combination with leaf fermentation, a higher yield can be obtained than that in comparison with conventional processes. In this work, the use of two different strains of the Aspergillus niger microorganism was tested in the leaf fermentation process, and the patchouli extract was extracted using a CO2 process at a temperature of 32°C and a pressure of 100 bar for 60 minutes. Triplicate tests with granulometry of 1.19 to 2.00 mm were used, varying the duration of the fermentation process of leaves from 4 to 20 days. The experimental results showed that with native Aspergillus niger (Treatment 1), with a four-day fermentation, an extract yield of 8.05% was obtained, which is equivalent to an increase in yield of 42.98%, comparing the same extraction process with supercritical CO2 using unfermented leaves. If compared to the steam distillation, the efficiency increase is 270%. The quality of the oil obtained was verified by the patchoulol content. In the best yield condition, the patchoulol content was 38.16%, a value above the standards demanded by the oil market

Minha profissão é a literatura : travessias da autoria feminina

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As particularidades clínicas da otite média: Clinical features of otitis media

A otite média é um processo inflamatório de evolução abrupta, acompanhado pelo quadro clínico típico de inflamação na orelha média, sendo sua incidência prevalente em crianças, culminando em leves repercussões clínicas, mas que deve ser adequadamente diagnosticada e tratada. Este evento clínico pode ser agudo, subagudo ou crônico com aparições típicas, evolução e manejo clínico diferenciados. O seguinte artigo é uma revisão narrativa de literatura que visa analisar a respeito das principais particularidades clínicas da Otite Média. Diante das informações coletadas, pode se elucidar que a otite média é o fator causal para implicações negativas e antibioticoterapia em crianças, logo é essencial medidas para diagnose precoce para evitar repercussões na saúde destes

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types