Self-determination and physical exercise adherence in the contexts of fitness academies and personal training

This research aimed to analyze the validity of the relations hypothesized by the theory of self-determination in predicting adherence to physical exercise in fitness academy users and subjects following personal training. A total of 588 persons from Pelotas / RS / Brazil (405 gym users and 183 subjects following personal training) completed the Portuguese version of the three questionnaires, i.e. the Perceived Autonomy Support Climate Exercise Questionnaire, Basic Psychological Needs in the Exercise Scale and Behavioral Regulation in the Exercise Questionnaire -2. The results support the factorial structure of the questionnaires used in this sample. There was a significant multivariate effect of context on self-determination for physical exercise training [Wilks’ λ = 0.934, F (10, 576.000) = 4.03, p < 0.001, η² = 0.01]. The hypothesized structural equation model, which considered the self-determination theory, showed a good fit to the data (S-B χ² = 234.703; p= .001; df = 52; χ²/df = 4.514; SRMS = .049; NNFI = .906; CFI = .926; RMSEA = .077; RMSEA 90% CI = .067 - .088). However, in the comparative analysis, the perception of autonomy support, relatedness and competence were significantly higher in the context of personal training, while the amotivation and external regulation were significantly higher in the context of fitness academies

Adesão e desistência de programas de treino personalizado

Este estudo pretendeu analisar as determinantes (demográficas, indicadores/ perceção de saúde, socioeconómicas e motivacionais) da adesão e desistência de programas de treino personalizado. Fizeram parte da amostra de conveniência adultos de ambos os géneros, oriundos de academias da cidade de Pelotas-Brasil, que ofereciam programas de treinos personalizados, sendo100 praticantes e 42 desistentes. Foram medidas as variáveis género, idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal, tabagismo, autoperceção de saúde, situação conjugal e nível socioeconómico. Para avaliar a motivação, foi utilizado o Inventário de Motivação à Prática Regular de Atividade Física, constatando-se que a maioria dos praticantes e desistentes de treino personalizado foram mulheres jovens, de nível socioeconómico elevado. As dimensões consideradas como mais motivadoras para a prática do treino personalizado foram: “Controle de Estresse”, “Saúde”, “Estética” e “Prazer”. Por outro lado, os motivos mais prevalentes para desistência foram a “Falta de Tempo” e a “Falta de Motivação” para a prática.Este estudio pretendió analizar los determinantes (demográficos, indicadores/ percepción de salud, socio-económicos y motivacionales) la adhesión y abandono de programas de entrenamiento personalizado. Fueron parte de muestra de conveniencia adultos de ambos sexos, provenientes de gimnasios la ciudad de Pelotas-Brasil, que ofrecían programas de entrenamientos personalizados, siendo100 practicantes y 42 abandonos. Se midieron las variables sexo, edad, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, tabaquismo, auto percepción de salud, situación conyugal y nivel socioeconómico. Para valorar la motivación se utilizó el Inventario de Motivación para Práctica Regular de Actividad Física, constatándose que la mayoría de los practicantes y abandonos de entrenamiento personalizado eran mujeres jóvenes, de nivel socioeconómico alto. Las dimensiones consideradas más motivadoras para práctica de entrenamiento personalizado fueron: “Control de Estrés”, “Salud”, “Estética” y “Placer”. Por otro lado, los motivos más relevantes para el abandono la práctica de actividad física fueron Falta de Tiempo y Falta de Motivación.This study aimed to analyze the determinants (demographic indicators / health perception, socioeconomic and motivational) of adherence and dropout from personal training programs. The convenience sample was comprised for adults of both genders, coming from health clubs of the Pelotas-Brazil city, that offering personalized training programs, and include 100 practitioners and 42 dropouts. It was measured the variables gender, age, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, self-rated health, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To assess the motivation, we used the Inventory Motivation to Regular Physical Activity, having noticed that the majority of practitioners and dropouts of the personalized training were young women of high socioeconomic status. The dimensions considered most motivating to practice of personalized training were: "Stress Control", "Health", "Aesthetics" and "Pleasure". On the other hand, the most prevalent reasons for dropout were the "Lack of Time" and the "Lack of Motivation" for the practice

Comparison of the Local Temperature, Lactate and Glucose After Three Different Strength Training Methods

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 1408-1420, 2021. This study aimed to evaluate the local temperature, lactate, and blood glucose in three strength training methods. The study included 12 male subjects; (22.15 ± 5.77 years, 76.85 ± 9.15 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m), with minimum of 12 months of strength training experience, and all participated in the three training methods: the occlusion training (Kaatsu); the tension training (Tension); and the traditional training (Traditional). The Kaatsu training consisted in 3 sets of 10RM with occlusion device in both arms inflated to a 130% occlusion pressure. In addition, the tension method was performed with 30% of 1RM and the traditional training, consisted in 10 repetitions with 80% RM. Regarding the temperature variation, differences were observed between the Kaatsu and Traditional methods in relation to Tension (p = .049, ɳ2p = 0.187). While for blood glucose (p = .351, ɳ2p = 0.075) and lactate (p = .722, ɳ2p = 0.022) there were no differences between the methods. Regarding the temperature (°C) measured by thermography and asymmetry, the right side showed a decrease in the post-test, in relation to the pre-test, in all methods (p \u3c .05, ɳ2p \u3e 0.150). The left (p = .035, ɳ2p = 0.301) and right (p = .012, ɳ2p = 0.324) sides showed a decrease in temperature, in the post-test in relation to the pre-test, in the Kaatsu and traditional method. In asymmetry, the three methods showed an increase in the post-test in relation to the pre-test (p = .042, ɳ2p = 0.158). In conclusion, tension method seems to stimulate greater heat production than the other methods. This information can help coaches to choose among these training methods according to the desired physiological response

Analysis of Grip Amplitude on Velocity in Paralympic Powerlifting

(1) Background: Paralympic Powerlifting (PP) is a Paralympic modality that is predominantly about developing maximal force, as there are athletes who lift three times their body weight. Our objective was to evaluate the averages of the velocity for 30% and 50% of 1 Maximum Repetition (1 RM) on different amplitudes of the footprint in PP athletes; (2) Methods: The intervention happened over two weeks, with the first being devoted to the familiarization and testing of 1 RM, while in the second week, through the use of a linear Encoder, tests of velocity average (VA), velocity average propulsive (VAP), and velocity peak (VP) were carried out with loads of 30% and 50% of a maximum repetition 1 RM for 1× of the biacromial distance (BAD) 1.3 × BAD, 1.5 × BAD; (3) Results: There was a significant difference in the average velocity of 1 × BAD (1.16 ± 0.14 m/s, 1.07–1.26 IC; η2p 0.20) when compared to 1.3 × BAD (1.00 ± 0.17 m/s, 0.90–1.09 IC; η2p 0.20) over 30% of 1 RM. For the other velocity variables for 30% and 50% of 1 RM with different grip amplitudes, there were no significant differences; (4) Conclusions: In PP, the 1 × BAD footprint contributes significantly to VA at 30% of 1 RM when compared to the 1.3 × BAD and 1.5 × BAD footprints. For loading at 50% of 1 RM the VA, VAP and VP decreased when compared to 30% of 1 RM, to the extent that the VAP and VP generated with the 1.3 × BAD and 1.5 × BAD footprints were higher than those with 1 × BAD, other than for VA 50% of 1 RM, where the 1 × BAD footprint was superior to the others

The Influence of Resistance Exercise Training on the Levels of Anxiety in Ischemic Stroke

The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the effect of a strength training program on indicators of trait and state anxiety in patients with ischemic stroke. The subjects were divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) consisting of 11 subjects aged years and a control group (CG) with 13 subjects aged years. EG underwent 12 weeks of strength training, with a frequency of three times a week. For data collection, a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used. Significant differences were found between pre- and posttest in EG for trait anxiety ( pretest posttest) and state anxiety ( pretest posttest) with no differences in CG for trait anxiety ( pretest posttest) and state anxiety ( pretest posttest). In the evaluation between the groups, significant differences were found for all indicators of trait anxiety ( EG; CG) and state anxiety ( EG; CG). This pilot study indicates that strength training may provide an improvement in trait and state anxiety more than one year after stroke

Effects of ibuprofen during 42-km trail running on oxidative stress, muscle fatigue, muscle damage and performance: a randomized controlled trial

Up to 75% of marathon runners ingest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during competition. Despite the doubt whether or not they contribute to performance, the effect of NSAID in endurance sports is unclear. We evaluated the effect of ibuprofen (IBU) use on oxidative stress, muscle damage, physical performance, and vertical jump of runners participating in a 42-km-trail running. The sample consisted of 12 men randomly divided into 2 groups: a placebo group (placebo) and an ibuprofen group (IBG). A 400-mg IBU capsule was administered to the IBG 15 min prior to the start of the trial and during the course after 5 h. In the intergroup analysis, placebo 70.1% increase (p < 0.0001; Cohen's d = 4.77) of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); the IBG exhibited a 31.46% increase of the sulphhydryl groups (SH) (p = 0.024, Cohen's d = 0.27), 55% of squat jump (SJ) (p < 0.01; Cohen's d = 1.41) with no significant effect on creatine kinase (CK), pace, speed, and finish time. In summary, IBU had positive evidence on oxidative stress and muscle fatigue, but had no effect on physical performance and muscle damage. Keywords: Ibuprofen; muscle damage; oxidative stress; performance; trail running

Is sodium a good hyperhydration strategy in 10k runners?

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise hyperhydration with sodium (PEHS), on the state of hydration and performance in runners of a 10K. Ten male runners (age 40.5 ± 9.7 yrs, weight 72.5 ± 8.4 kg, body fat 18.8 ± 4.5%) participated in the study and performed 10 km of street running under two different forms of prehydration: pre-exercise hydration (PEH), consisting of water intake ad libitum, and pre-exercise sodium hyperhydration (PEHS), consisting of sodium ingestion (12 mg of sodium for each 5 mL of water) diluted 1 h before the test. The variables evaluated were heart rate (HR), body temperature (BT), body mass (BM), blood pressure (BP), relative dehydration (RD), absolute dehydration (AD), total ingested water (TH2OING), degree of dehydration (DD), sweating rate (SR), specific gravity of urine (SGU), urine pH, and performance time (PT). There was no difference between intervention groups in the variables HR, BT, BM, BP, SGU, urine pH, and PT. RD (0.76 ± 0.41 kg vs. 1.16 ± 0.43 kg; Cohen’s d = 0.95; p = 0.042); AD (0.63 ± 0.36 kg vs. 0.99 ± 0.43 kg; Cohen’s d = 0.90; p = 0.038); DD (0.63 ± 0.52% vs. 1.35 ± 0.56%; Cohen’s d = 1.33; p = 0.009); SR (2255.03 ± 1297.25 mL vs. 3550.06 ± 1527.35 mL; Cohen’s d = 0.91; p = 0.048) were lower in the state of PEHS. PEH presented greater TH2OING (0.16 ± 0.12 mL vs. 0.34 ± 0.41 mL; Cohen’s d = 0.59; p = 0.008). It was concluded that PEHS produces better hydration in runners during long distance running

Are Strength Indicators and Skin Temperature Affected by the Type of Warm-Up in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes?

(1) Background: the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of warm-ups on the strength and skin temperature of Paralympic powerlifting athletes. (2) Methods: the participants were 15 male Paralympic powerlifting athletes. The effects of three different types of warm-up (without warm-up (WW), traditional warm-up (TW), or stretching warm-up (SW)) were analyzed on static and dynamic strength tests as well as in the skin temperature, which was monitored by thermal imaging. (3) Results: no differences in the dynamic and static indicators of the force were shown in relation to the different types of warm-ups. No significant differences were found in relation to peak torque (p = 0.055, F = 4.560, η2p = 0.246 medium effect), and one-repetition maximum (p = 0.139, F = 3.191, η2p = 0.186, medium effect) between the different types of warm-ups. In the thermographic analysis, there was a significant difference only in the pectoral muscle clavicular portion between the TW (33.04 ± 0.71 °C) and the WW (32.51 ± 0.74 °C) (p = 0.038). The TW method also presented slightly higher values than the SW and WW in the pectoral muscles sternal portion and the deltoid anterior portion, but with p-value > 0.05. (4) Conclusions: the types of warm-ups studied do not seem to interfere with the performance of Paralympic Powerlifting athletes. However, the thermal images showed that traditional warm-up best meets the objectives expected for this preparation phase.post-print1305 K

Effects of Resistance Training on Oxidative Stress Markers and Muscle Damage in Spinal Cord Injured Rats

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition that affects the central nervous system, is characterized by motor and sensory impairments, and impacts individuals’ lives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress and muscle damage in spinal cord injured rats. Methodology: Forty Wistar rats were selected and divided equally into five groups: Healthy Control (CON), Sham (SHAM) SCI Untrained group (SCI-U), SCI Trained group (SCI- T), SCI Active Trained group (SCI- AT). Animals in the trained groups were submitted to an incomplete SCI at T9. Thereafter, they performed a protocol of resistance training for four weeks. Results: Significant differences in muscle damage markers and oxidative stress in the trained groups, mainly in SCI- AT, were found. On the other hand, SCI- U group presented higher levels of oxidative stress and biomarkers of LDH and AST. Conclusion: The results highlight that resistance training promoted a decrease in oxidative stress and a significative response in muscle damage markers. Keywords: spinal cord injury; resistance training; oxidative stress; muscle damag

Physiological and biochemical evaluation of different types of recovery in national level Paralympic powerlifting

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