Perfection in creation from the perspective of the Quran: The necessity of the creation alterations

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: To meet the growing need for food and drugs to improve quality of life, new technologies (e.g. biotechnology and genetic engineering) have attracted politicians and food producers worldwide. Aberrant application of these technologies could cause irreparable consequences that can be life threatening. Changes of genetic entity for improvement and reconstruction of the creation for usage in modern world are main topic under consideration in these technologies. However, there are many controversies for their application in the world.Method: In this study, by reviewing the Quran, Hadiths, and articles, we tried to provide a discussion on limitations, justifiability or illegality of the creation change. The researchers observed all ethical issues in the study and declared no conflict of interests.Results: The provided data showed that change in the creation occurs naturally in the physical dimension, in contrast to the spiritual view, and seems to be allowable provided by the preserve of the entity of the creation.Conclusion: With respect to the ethical issue and nature of the creatures, manipulation of the creation for the sake of their improvement in function and activity toward normal status seems to be allowable.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Alebouyeh M, Esmaeili M. Perfection in creation from the perspective of the Quran: The necessity of the creation alterations. J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5):118- 128

5-Azacytidine Enhancing Expression of E-cadherin in Adenocarcinoma Cell Line

Introduction: In this study, we assessed the expression of E-cadherin in HT29 cell line treated with 5-Azacytidine and colorectal cancer patient in an Iranian population. E-cadherin expression promotes metastasis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-Azacytidine, a DNA methyl transferase inhibitor, is a clinically used epigenetic drug for treatment of cancer including colorectal cancer, leading to genes activation involved in tumor suppression, especially E-cadherin. Materials and Methods: HT29 cell line treated with 5-Azacitidine and 40 polyps, 20 tumors and 40 adjacent normal tissues samples were enrolled in this study. Using the real-time PCR method, the expression levels of E-cadherin were examined in treated cell line and colorectal cancer tissue. Results: This study proves that 5-Azacytidine induces over expression of E-cadherin in adenocarcinoma cell line, while the expression levels of E-cadherin were not different in tumor and polyp than adjacent normal tissue. Conclusion: To conclude, 5-Azacytidine induces re-expression of E-cadherin in adenocarcinoma cell line. Thus, 5-Azacytidine as demethylation drug activated tumor suppressor gene as E-cadherin

A Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Reduced Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Aptasensing Of Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia Coli Bacteria

An electrochemical aptasensor is described for the voltammetric determination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 055:B5. Aptamer chains were immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles (RGO/AuNPs). Fast Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanomaterials. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified GCE. The results show that the modified electrode has a good selectivity for LPS over other biomolecules. The hexacyanoferrate redox system, typically operated at around 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) is used as an electrochemical probe. The detection limit is 30 fg·mL−1. To decrease the electrochemical potential for detection of LPS, Mg/ carbon quantum dots were used as redox active media. They decrease the detection potentialto 0 V and the detection of limit (LOD) to 1 fg·mL−1. The electrode was successfully used to analyze serum of patients and healthy persons

Fecal carriage of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. as major reservoirs of clinically important resistance markers

Intestinal normal flora can become reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes present among the strains responsible for nosocomial infections. It is suggested that gram negative intestinal bacterial flora have increased capacities to obtain antibiotic resistance genes and therefore can act as main reservoirs for transfer of resistance genes to other pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to compare fecal carriage of clinically important resistance markers for more frequent members of enterobacteriacae between nondiarrheal and community associated diarrheal patients (control group) versus their counterparts from the patients with nosocomial infections (case group). 261 stool and 190 clinical samples were collected from outpatient and hospitalized patients from 6 hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates and colonies were identified by standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates against 13 antibiotics was performed according to the CLSI guideline using the disk diffusion method.   Among stool and clinical samples, more frequent identified enterobacteriaceae bacteria were included E. coli (58.99/ 3.15%), Klebsiella spp. (22.61/7.36%), and other members of enterobacteriaceae (8.86/1.06%), respectively. Overall, resistance against four of the main antibiotics (3th and 4th generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin) was significantly higher among the case group (50-75% versus 10-14%). Analysis of these results showed similar dissemination of resistance phenotypes among the isolates from the control group in ranges of 1.5-7.6% and 4.4% for E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. Our results suggested that the fecal carriage of resistant phenotypes related to the β-lactam antibiotics in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in compare to the clinical isolates is rapidly increasing. This may be caused by dissemination of β-lactamase producing E. coli in the community from the hospitals. There were no significant correlations between the two groups of the samples, as the clinical samples had shown 3 to 7 folds excess resistance phenotypes. Surveillance studies of the resistance patterns among the samples from different regions will provide awareness about dissemination of these bacteria within the community as reservoirs of main resistance markers

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the gram-negative bacteria isolated from septicemia in Children?s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran

Introduction. The choice of antimicrobial treatment for septicemia is often empirical and based on the knowledge of local antimicrobial activity patterns of the most common bacteria causing such bloodstream infections. The current study aimed to study the prevalence of bacterial pathogens causing septicemia and their antimicrobial resistant profiles in hospital admitted patients. Methods. This cross sectional study done at Children?s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. We examined 168 bacterial strains isolated from 186 clinically diagnosed septicemia cases refereed at Children?s Medical Center, Tehran, Iran Over a period of twelve months from July 2010 to 2011 July. 11446 blood samples from patients of clinically suggestive septicemia were evaluated. Results. Bacterial strains were isolated from 910 (7.95%) of blood cultures. Gram-negative bacteria identified were Pseudomonas species (20.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.86%), Salmonella spp (1.09%), Acinetobacter naumannii (8.13%), Escherichia coli (4.06%), Klebsiella spp (5.16%). Gram-negative pathogens were more than gram positive in bloodstream infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to Clinical and Labo- ratory Standards Institute (CLSI, USA) guidelines against: amikacin ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxiclav, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin. Resistanc to different antibiotics in the most important isolated bacteria were: 32.1 %, 10.8%, 87.8%, 96%, 39.1%, 35.2, 49.4%, 69%, 80.02%, 22%, 59%, 30.1% respectively, for Pseudomonas spp, 32%, 3.7%, 84.2 %, 83.2%, 80.1%, 75.4%, 44.8%, 45.2%, 33.3%, 19%, 34.1, 11.5% respectively for Acinetobacter species. Discussion. Resistant to majority of the antimicrobial agents for several pathogens implicated in bloodstream infections, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria, can make complication in treatment of infection cause by them

Relationship between ureB Sequence Diversity, Urease Activity and Genotypic Variations of Different Helicobacter pylori Strains in Patients with Gastric Disorders

Association of the severity of Helicobacter pylori induced diseases with virulence entity of the colonized strains was proven in some studies. Urease has been demonstrated as a potent virulence factor for H. pylori. The main aim of this study was investigation of the relationships of ureB sequence diversity, urease activity and virulence genotypes of different H. pylori strains with histopathological changes of gastric tissue in infected patients suffering from different gastric disorders. Analysis of the virulence genotypes in the isolated strains indicated significant associations between the presence of severe active gastritis and cagA+ (P = 0.039) or cagA/iceA1 genotypes (P = 0.026), and intestinal metaplasia and vacA m1 (P = 0.008) or vacA s1/m2 (P = 0.001) genotypes. Our results showed a 2.4-fold increased risk of peptic ulcer (95% CI: 0.483–11.93), compared with gastritis, in the infected patients who had dupA positive strains; however this association was not statistically significant. The results of urease activity showed a significant mean difference between the isolated strains from patients with PUD and NUD (P = 0.034). This activity was relatively higher among patients with intestinal metaplasia. Also a significant associa­tion was found between the lack of cagA and increased urease activity among the isolated strains (P = 0.036). While the greatest sequencevariation of ureB was detected in a strain from a patient with intestinal metaplasia, the sole determined amino acid change in UreB sequence (Ala201Thr, 30%), showed no influence on urease activity. In conclusion, the supposed role of H. pylori urease to form peptic ulcer and advancing of intestinal metaplasia was postulated in this study. Higher urease activity in the colonizing H. pylori strains that present specific virulence factors was indicated as a risk factor for promotion of histopathological changes of gastric tissue that advance gastric malignancy

Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health, but obtaining representative data on AMR for healthy human populations is difficult. Here, we use meta-genomic analysis of untreated sewage to characterize the bacterial resistome from 79 sites in 60 countries. We find systematic differences in abundance and diversity of AMR genes between Europe/North-America/Oceania and Africa/Asia/South-America. Antimicrobial use data and bacterial taxonomy only explains a minor part of the AMR variation that we observe. We find no evidence for cross-selection between antimicrobial classes, or for effect of air travel between sites. However, AMR gene abundance strongly correlates with socio-economic, health and environmental factors, which we use to predict AMR gene abundances in all countries in the world. Our findings suggest that global AMR gene diversity and abundance vary by region, and that improving sanitation and health could potentially limit the global burden of AMR. We propose metagenomic analysis of sewage as an ethically acceptable and economically feasible approach for continuous global surveillance and prediction of AMR.Peer reviewe

Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective

الكمال في الخلق من منطلق القرأن الكريم، ضرورة التغيير في الخلق

سابقه و هدف: افزایش روزافزون نیاز بشر به منابع غذایی و فرآورده‌های دارویی برای حفظ بقا و بهتر ساختن زندگی موجب شده است تا فنون جدید همچون فنون تراریختی و مهندسی ژنتیک توجه دولتمردان، دانشمندان و تولیدکنندگان را به خود جلب کند. استفاده‌ی نابجای این فنون می‌تواند عواقب جبران‌ناپذیری به همراه داشته باشد که تهدیدی جدی برای حیات محسوب می‌شود. تغییر در ماهیت زیستی خلقت از موضوعات مهم این فنون به منظور بهینه‌سازی یا بازسازی مخلوقات موجود برای استفاده در دنیای مدرن در نظر گرفته می‌شود. در حال حاضر مناقشات زیادی درباره‌ی به‌کارگیری این فنون در جهان وجود دارد. روش کار: در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا با مرور آیات قرآن کریم، تفاسیر موجود و مقالات علمی منتشرشده در این باره، محدودیت‌ها و مجوزهای اشاره‌شده درباره‌ی روایی تغییر در خلقت بررسی شود. در این پژوهش همه‌ی مسائل اخلاقی رعایت شده است و نویسندگان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده است. یافته‌ها: این آیات و تفاسیر در مجموع حمایتگر این نکته است که تغییر در خلقت در بُعد فیزیکی بر خلاف بُعد فطری، با حفظ ظرفیت ماهیتی مخلوقات امری شدنی است. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، دست‌ورزی مخلوقات در جهت ایجاد وضعیت طبیعی با هدف بهبود عملکرد و کارایی آنها و حفظ اصول اخلاق زیستی مانعی ندارد. استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Alebouyeh M, Esmaeili M. Perfection in creation from the perspective of the Quran: The necessity of the creation alterations. J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5):118- 128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i5.17975Background and Objective: To meet the growing need for food and drugs to improve quality of life, new technologies (e.g. biotechnology and genetic engineering) have attracted politicians and food producers worldwide. Aberrant application of these technologies could cause irreparable consequences that can be life threatening. Changes of genetic entity for improvement and reconstruction of the creation for usage in modern world are main topic under consideration in these technologies. However, there are many controversies for their application in the world. Method: In this study, by reviewing the Quran, Hadiths, and articles, we tried to provide a discussion on limitations, justifiability or illegality of the creation change. The researchers observed all ethical issues in the study and declared no conflict of interests. Results: The provided data showed that change in the creation occurs naturally in the physical dimension, in contrast to the spiritual view, and seems to be allowable provided by the preserve of the entity of the creation. Conclusion: With respect to the ethical issue and nature of the creatures, manipulation of the creation for the sake of their improvement in function and activity toward normal status seems to be allowable.   Please cite this article as: Alebouyeh M, Esmaeili M. Perfection in creation from the perspective of the Quran: The necessity of the creation alterations. J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5):118- 128.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i5.17975خلفية البحث وأهدافه: ان احتياجات البشر المتزايدة الى مصادر الأغذية والمنتجات الصيدلانية من أجل الحفاظ على البقاء وتحسين الحياة، ادت الى ظهور تقنيات حديثة بما في ذلك التقنيات المعدلة وراثيا والهندسية الوراثية حيث اثارت اهتمام رجال الدولة والعلماء ومصنعي الاغذية. إن الاستخدام غير الصحيح لهذه التقنيات قد يؤدي الى عواقب لا يمكن اصلاحها والتي تشكل تهديدا خطيرا للحياة. إن التغيير في الطبيعة البيولوجية هو واحد من القضايا الهامة لهذه التقنيات من اجل تحسين أو اعادة بناء المخلوقات الموجودة للاستخدام في العالم الحديث. تعتبر التغييرات في الكيان الوراثي لتحسين اعادة بناء الابداعات للإستخدام في العالم الحديث، الموضوع الرئيسي قيد الدراسة في هذه التقنيات. يوجد حالياً الكثير من الخلافات بشأن تنفيذ هذه التطبيقات في العالم. منهجية البحث: يسعى هذا البحث الى دراسة القيود وشرعية التغيير في الخلق من خلال مراجعة الآيات القرآنية والتفاسير الموجودة والمقالات العلمية المنشورة في هذا المجال. تمت مراعاة جميع الموارد الاخلاقية في هذا البحث؛ و اضافة الى هذا فإن مؤلفي المقالةلم يشيروا الى تضارب المصالح. الكشوفات: تدعم هذه الآيات والتفسيرات بشكل عام النقطة القائلة بأنه يمكن التغيير في الخلق من بعد ظاهري وجسمي على خلاف البعد الروحي والباطني مع الحفاظ على كيان الخلق وماهيته. الاستنتاج: وفقا لنتائج البحث، لا مانع فيما يقوم به البشر من اجل إنشاء الوضع الطبيعي وبهدف تحسين ادائه وكفائته والحفاط على مبادئ الأخلاقيات البيولوجية.   يتم استناد المقالة على الترتيب التالي: Alebouyeh M, Esmaeili M. Perfection in creation from the perspective of the Quran: The necessity of the creation alterations. J Res Relig Health. 2019; 4(5):118- 128.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v4i5.1797