Impact of an obesogenic diet program on bone densitometry, micro architecture and metabolism in male rat.

International audienceABSTRACT: Background The relationships between fat mass and bone tissue are complex and not fully elucidated. A high-fat/high-sucrose diet has been shown to induce harmful effects on bone micro architecture and bone biomechanics of rat. When such diet leads to obesity, it may induce an improvement of biomechanical bone parameters in rodent. Here, we examined the impact of a high-fat/high-sucrose diet on the body composition and its resulting effects on bone density and structure in male rats. Forty three Wistar rats aged 7 months were split into 3 groups: 1 sacrificed before diet (BD, n=14); 1 subjected to 16 weeks of high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, n=14); 1 subjected to standard diet (Control, n=15). Abdominal circumference and insulin sensitivity were measured and visceral fat mass was weighed. The bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed at the whole body and tibia by densitometry. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analysis were performed at L2 vertebrae and tibiae to study the trabecular and cortical bone structures and the bone cell activities. Osteocalcin and CTX levels were performed to assess the relative balance of the bone formation and resorption. Differences between groups have been tested with an ANOVA with subsequent Scheffe post-hoc test. An ANCOVA with global mass and global fat as covariates was used to determine the potential implication of the resulting mechanical loading on bone. RESULTS: The HF/HS group had higher body mass, fat masses and abdominal circumference and developed an impaired glucose tolerance compared to Control group (p<0.001). Whole body bone mass (p<0.001) and BMD (p<0.05) were higher in HF/HS group vs. Control group. The trabecular thickness at vertebrae and the cortical porosity of tibia were improved (p<0.05) in HF/HS group. Bone formation was predominant in HF/HS group while an unbalance bone favoring bone resorption was observed in the controls. The HF/HS and Control groups had higher total and abdominal fat masses and altered bone parameters vs. BD group. Conclusions The HF/HS diet had induced obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. These changes resulted in an improvement of quantitative, qualitative and metabolic bone parameters. The fat mass increase partly explained these observations

Caractérisation du métabolisme protéique musculaire au cours de l'obésité et lors de la perte de poids

L'obésité - caractérisée par l'accumulation de lipides dans le tissu adipeux, puis dans les tissus périphériques tels que le foie et les muscles squelettiques - entraine des dysfonctionnements métaboliques de ces tissus. Sur le long terme, même s'il est fréquemment rapporté une augmentation de la masse maigre, l'obésité s'accompagne d'une perte de masse musculaire. La perte de poids a un impact positif sur les comorbidités associées à l'obésité. Toutefois, lorsqu'elle est induite par une restriction alimentaire, elle peut être associée à une perte demasse musculaire. L'association d'une activité physique à la restriction alimentaire peut limiter la perte de muscles. Sur le plan métabolique, la masse musculaire dépend essentiellement du renouvellement des protéines qui le composent. Aussi, l'objectif du travail de thèse a été de caractériser les modifications du métabolisme protéique musculaire, et particulièrement les modifications de la protéosynthèse, au cours du développement de l'obésité et pendant une perte de poids induite par un régime hypolipidique associé ou non à un exercice d'endurance. La première étude a permis de montrer qu'il existe deux phases distinctes lors du développement de l'obésité chez le rat. La première est associée à un gain de poids et de masse musculaire, associée à une augmentation de la vitesse de synthèse (FSR) des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales spécifiquement dans le muscle glycolytique tibialis anterior, en postabsorptif. La seconde est associée à une stabilisation du poids, une réduction de la masse musculaire et à une diminution du FSR des protéines mitochondriales dans le tibialis anterior, alors même qu'une accumulation lipidique se produit dans ce muscle. Le muscle oxydatif soleus n'est pas affecté. La deuxième étude a montré qu'une restrictionlipidique isocalorique ou que la pratique d'un exercice en endurance régulier ne préviennent pas la perte de masse musculaire induite par l'obésité, contrairement à l'association des deux traitements. L'exercice seul ou associé au régime hyperlipidique stimule le FSR des protéinesmyofibrillaires dans le tibialis anterior, mais l'exercice ne stimule le FSR des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales dans le muscle oxydatif soleus que lorsqu'il est associé à la restriction lipidique. En conclusion, ce travail a mis en évidence, d'une part, que la synthèseprotéique musculaire en postabsorptif et la masse musculaire sont différemment affectées en fonction du stade de développement de l'obésité et que, d'autre part, la synthèse protéique musculaire en postabsorptif est différemment affectée en fonction de la typologie musculaire. D'autre part, l'exercice a un impact bénéfique sur la masse musculaire et sur la protéosynthèse, mais cet effet "anabolisant" est limité par le régime hyperlipidiquehypersucré. Pour transposer ces données chez l'homme, une étude clinique qui porte sur l'effet de la perte de poids induite par chirurgie bariatrique sur le métabolisme protéique musculaire a été mise en place et est actuellement en cours.Obesity - characterized by lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and in peripheral tissues such as liver and skeletal muscles - leads to metabolic dysfunction of these tissues. In the long term, although it is frequently reported an increase in lean mass, obesity is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass. Weight loss has a positive impact on comorbidities associated with obesity. However, when it was induced by dietary restriction, it may be associated with muscle mass loss. The association of physical activity to food restriction may limit muscle mass loss. Metabolically, muscle mass depends essentially on proteins turnover, i.e. protein synthesis and breakdown. Therefore, the aim of the thesis work was to characterize changes in muscle protein metabolism, especially changes in protein synthesis, during obesity development and weight loss induced by a low-fat-diet with or without endurance exercise. The first study has shown that there are two distinct phases in the development of obesity in rats. The first is associated with body weight and muscle mass gains and an increase in myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins synthesis rate (FSR), specifically in glycolytic muscle tibialis anterior, in postabsorptive state. Oxidative muscle soleus was not affected. The second phase is associated with body weight stabilization, reduced muscle mass and a decrease in the mitochondrial proteins FSR in the tibialis anterior. The second study has shown that isocaloric low-fat-diet or the practice of regular endurance exercise do not prevent muscle mass loss induced by obesity, unlike the combination of both treatments. Exercise alone or associated with high-fat diet stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar proteins actin in tibialis anterior muscle, but exercise stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in the oxidative muscle soleus only when it is associated with lipid restriction. In conclusion, this study has shown firstly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state and muscle mass are differently affected depending on the stage of obesity development, and, secondly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state is differently affected depending on muscle typology. On the other hand, exercise has a beneficial effect on muscle mass and protein synthesis, but this "anabolic" effect is limited by the high-fat, high-sucrose diet. To transpose these data in humans, a clinical study that examines the effect of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on muscle protein metabolism has been established and is currently underway

Impact of an obesogenic diet program on bone densitometry, micro architecture and metabolism in male rat

Abstract Background The relationships between fat mass and bone tissue are complex and not fully elucidated. A high-fat/high-sucrose diet has been shown to induce harmful effects on bone micro architecture and bone biomechanics of rat. When such diet leads to obesity, it may induce an improvement of biomechanical bone parameters in rodent. Here, we examined the impact of a high-fat/high-sucrose diet on the body composition and its resulting effects on bone density and structure in male rats. Forty three Wistar rats aged 7 months were split into 3 groups: 1 sacrificed before diet (BD, n = 14); 1 subjected to 16 weeks of high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, n = 14); 1 subjected to standard diet (Control, n = 15). Abdominal circumference and insulin sensitivity were measured and visceral fat mass was weighed. The bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed at the whole body and tibia by densitometry. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analysis were performed at L2 vertebrae and tibia to study the trabecular and cortical bone structures and the bone cell activities. Osteocalcin and CTX levels were performed to assess the relative balance of the bone formation and resorption. Differences between groups have been tested with an ANOVA with subsequent Scheffe post-hoc test. An ANCOVA with global mass and global fat as covariates was used to determine the potential implication of the resulting mechanical loading on bone. Results The HF/HS group had higher body mass, fat masses and abdominal circumference and developed an impaired glucose tolerance (p  Conclusions The HF/HS diet had induced obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. These changes resulted in an improvement of quantitative, qualitative and metabolic bone parameters. The fat mass increase partly explained these observations.</p

A Moderate Supplementation of Native Whey Protein Promotes Better Muscle Training and Recovery Adaptations Than Standard Whey Protein – A 12-Week Electrical Stimulation and Plyometrics Training Study

A Moderate Supplementation of Native Whey Protein Promotes Better Muscle Training and Recovery Adaptations Than Standard Whey Protein – A 12-Week Electrical Stimulation and Plyometrics Training Stud