Ley de Thirlwall y el modelo de dos brechas: una aplicación empírica

El artículo de García y Ruiz (2009) unifica la Ley de Thirlwall y el modelo de dos brechas. En este trabajo se busca realizar una primera aproximación empírica al modelo con datos de la economía colombiana. En efecto, de acuerdo con los resultados, se observa que la principal restricción durante el periodo 1975 – 2013 fue la brecha externa y no la brecha de ahorro. Finalmente, se realiza una simulación de la brecha externa (o Ley de Thirlwall) y se señala que el crecimiento restringido por balanza de pagos estuvo muy cerca de lo efectivamente observado (4,2% en contraste con el 3,82% observado).Abstract. Garcia and Ruiz (2009) unifies the Law Thirlwall and two-gap model. This paper seeks to make a first empirical approach to model data of the Colombian economy. Indeed, according to the results, it is observed that the main constraint during the period 1975 - 2013 was the external gap and not the savings gap. Finally, a simulation of the external gap (or Law Thirlwall) is performed and noted that growth constrained by balance of payments was very close to what actually observed (4.2% in contrast to 3.82% observed).Maestrí

Prueba de habilidades prácticas CCNA 1 – 2.

Prueba de habilidades prácticas CCNA 1 – 2.Mediante la realización de este trabajo nos basaremos en las necesidades que tiene la empresa la cual está enfocada en establecer una comunicación acertada entre los servicios y dispositivos. Por otro lado atenderemos una serie de parámetros los cuales son de vital importancia para que se pueda interconectar entre si cada uno de los dispositivos los cuales tienen como fin responder a cada requerimiento que se le realice y debe responder de una forma acorde a las necesidades solicitadas por la entidad. Así mismo se debe verificar la conectividad de los dispositivos mediante unos comandos que nos dará el resultado esperado.By carrying out this work we will base ourselves on the needs of the company, which is focused on establishing an accurate communication between the services and devices. On the other hand we will attend a series of parameters which are of vital importance so that each of the devices can be interconnected with each other, which are intended to respond to each requirement that is made and must respond in a manner according to the needs requested. by the entity. Likewise, the connectivity of the devices must be verified through commands that will give us the expected result

Social Isolation and Group Size are Associated with Divergent Gene Expression in the Brain of Ant Queens

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank members of the Shoemaker’s Lab at the USDA-ARS in Gainesville for support during field experiments and sample collections: special thanks to Eileen Carroll who coordinated all activities associated with field experiments and arranged the shipment of samples to the UK. The authors would also like to thank all members of the Leadbeater Lab at Royal Holloway for providing feedback on an early draft of this manuscript, and the two anonymous reviewers who provided constructive criticism that helped improving the manuscript. This work was supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IIF-625487) to F.M. and M.J.F.B. which also supported F.M. salary for two years. The Natural Environment Research Council supported the salaries of C.M.R. (NE/L002485/1) and Y.W. (NE/L00626X/1). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Open access via Wiley agreementPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Daylight transmittance through Expanded Metal shadings

Due to the substantial need for energy efficiency, the daylight performance of building envelopes is a key issue in sustainable architecture. A frequently used shading system consists on static expanded metal meshes (EM). As a very prominent textural facade element, expanded metal is widely used as both a cladding and static shading device. One first aim is to provide a sufficient description of EM, including fabrication, possible usage and overall properties. This includes a set of parameters needed to control accurately the complex geometry of EM. Those parameters are also useful to get reliable 3-D computer models of EM. The main objective of this paper is to assess, describe and compare EM light transmittance performance as a shading device. We were specifically looking to determine the influence of parameters such as geometry, colour, position and direction of incoming light on the shading performance. The research is based on BSDF simulations via Radiance and experimental data provided at a previous laboratory stage. We have simulated and compared the performance of various EM shading devices for a south exposed façade in Madrid in most characteristic times of the year: solstices and equinoxes, as well as midday transmittance throughout the year

Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: Transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents an important public health problem worldwide. Reduction of HCV morbidity and mortality is a current challenge owned to several viral and host factors. Virus molecular evolution plays an important role in HCV transmission, disease progression and therapy outcome. The high degree of genetic heterogeneity characteristic of HCV is a key element for the rapid adaptation of the intrahost viral population to different selection pressures (e.g., host immune responses and antiviral therapy). HCV molecular evolution is shaped by different mechanisms including a high mutation rate, genetic bottlenecks, genetic drift, recombination, temporal variations and compartmentalization. These evolutionary processes constantly rearrange the composition of the HCV intrahost population in a staging manner. Remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism controlling HCV replication have facilitated the development of a plethora of direct-acting antiviral agents against HCV. As a result, superior sustained viral responses have been attained. The rapidly evolving field of anti-HCV therapy is expected to broad its landscape even further with newer, more potent antivirals, bringing us one step closer to the interferon-free era.Fil: Preciado, María Victoria. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Valva, Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños ; ArgentinaFil: Escobar Gutierrez, Alejandro. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Rahal, Paula. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Ruiz Tovar, Karina. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Yamasaki, Lilian. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Vazquez Chacon, Carlos. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Martinez Guarneros, Armando. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Carpio Pedroza, Juan Carlos. Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos; MéxicoFil: Fonseca Coronado, Salvador. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Cruz Rivera, Mayra. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

Construction of Social Sustainability in Milk Production Systems in Central Mexico

Objective: To build mathematical models to evaluate the social sustainability of small-scale milk production systems. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty small-scale cowsheds were analyzed. Two models were built using multivariate regression, estimated with ordinary least squares and considering the factors that producers perceive as important for social sustainability. Results: The first model (ER) included tangible variables and the second intangible variables (SR). Both models explained more than 80% of the variables associated with social sustainability. Study Limitations/Implications: The results represent an effort to link the statistical analysis with qualitative data that is difficult to quantify. Conclusions: The ER and SR models represent a proposal for counting immaterial indicators so they can be incorporated into the sustainability analysis. Both models could be a methodological proposal to connect statistical data with purely qualitative data such as perceptionThis study is part of the project with key 129449/2009 financed by CONACy

Managerial and leadership effectiveness as perceived by managers and non-managerial employees in Mexico

Using the critical incident (CI) technique, concrete examples of effective and ineffective managerial behaviour (CIs) were collected from managers and non-managerial employees within private and public sector organizations situated in the north and southeast regions of Mexico. The CIs were content analysed using open, axial and selective coding to identify a smaller number of thematic categories. A total of 38 ‘manager’ and 35 ‘non-managerial employee’ behavioural categories were identified respectively, of which 82.19% (n = 60) were found to be either convergent or polar opposite in meaning. The findings suggest that what behaviourally differentiates effective managers from ineffective managers is perceived, described and defined by Mexican managers and non-managerial employees in much the same way. The study provides new insights on the issue of perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness in Mexico and is a rare example of indigenous managerial behaviour research in a non-Anglo country

Energy Transformations in a Self-Excited Switched Reluctance Generator

Wind generation systems require mechanisms that allow optimal adaptation of the generator to varying wind speed and to extract maximum energy from the wind. Robust and affordable high-performance methods are also needed for isolated sites. This paper takes this approach, in which an AC switched reluctance generator is used as a generator with a variable rotor speed. Although the voltage obtained is of insufficient quality to connect the generator directly to the power grid, this kind of generator can be used in isolated sites to charge a battery bank with a simple bridge rectifier. Due to the nonlinear behavior of the machine with the position and current, along with the alternating nature of the current that circulates through its phases, the machine experiences cyclical energy transformations of a mechanical, electrical and magnetic nature. This paper analyzes these transformations for the purpose of providing guidelines for machine design and optimization as a wind turbine in isolated sites

Optimizing Field Body Fat Percentage Assessment in Professional Soccer Players

Body composition is a determinant of performance in soccer. To estimate the body fat percentage (%BF), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is effective though this method is expensive and not readily accessible. This study examines the validity of widely used field methods based on anthropometric data and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Participants were 21 male Spanish First Division soccer players aged between 22 and 35 years. In each participant, body fat mass was determined by BIA and using 18 anthropometric equations including skinfold (SKF) measurements. DXA was used as reference. Correlation with DXA measurements was excellent for all equations and separate SKF measurements yet only moderate for BIA. However, only the equation recently developed for use in soccer players based on iliac crest and triceps SKFs showed no significant or standardized differences with DXA-derived %BF and these measurements also had the lowest bias. Our findings suggest that when DXA is not available, the best field method for %BF assessment in footballers is the equation based on iliac crest and triceps SKF. As another good option, we propose the sum of triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, and abdominal SKFs, as this combination also showed good correlation with DXA

Estradiol regulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via hypothalamic AMPK

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