Amblyomma variegatum, cas d'une tique colonisatrice : phylogéographie au niveau mondial et structuration dans un territoire colonisé, Madagascar

Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) est une tique dure de la famille des Ixodidae, vectrice d'Ehrlichia ruminantium, bactérie responsable de la cowdriose, une maladie des ruminants domestiques et sauvages sévissant en Afrique subsaharienne, à Madagascar et dans les Caraïbes. En Afrique, son berceau d'origine, l'espèce est présente en zone subsaharienne du Sénégal à l'Ethiopie, dans tous les pays d'Afrique de l'ouest et centrale et dans une grande partie de l'Afrique orientale. Dans l'Océan Indien, A. variegatum a été signalée pour la première fois à Madagascar en 1899, bien que son introduction soit probablement bien plus ancienne et contemporaine de l'importation des premiers zébus. Cette tique est également présente à La Réunion, sur l'île Maurice et aux Comores. A l'ouest du continent africain, cette tique a été décrite dans les îles du Cap Vert et dans les Caraïbes¹, là encore, elle a été introduite, avant le milieu du 18ème siècle, par du bétail infesté en provenance d'Afrique Les îles d'Antigua et de la Guadeloupe ont été les premières à être infestées. Depuis une cinquantaine d'années, cette tique a progressivement envahi presque la totalité des îles des Petites Antilles et même, pendant quelques années, Puerto Rico. Dans plusieurs de ces pays et régions, des tiques ont été collectées afin d'avoir une vue d'ensemble, tant au niveau génétique que démographique, des phénomènes qui ont conduit à la distribution et à la structuration actuelle des populations d'A. variegatum. L'étude devait aussi caractériser la structure génétique des populations d'A. variegatum et ainsi avoir une meilleure compréhension du mode de reproduction des tiques, de la taille des populations ainsi que du mode et de l'intensité de leur dispersion. Des approches de phylogéographie et de génétique des populations ont été menées à l'aide de marqueurs mitochondriaux et microsatellites. Deux types d'échantillonnages ont été réalisés : le premier couvrait l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition d'A. Variegatum et l'autre, a été réalisé à un niveau local à Madagascar. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence, au niveau mondial, deux lignées d'A. variegatum, une lignée" mondiale " présente sur toute l'aire de répartition de la tique et une lignée " Afrique de l'Est " restreinte à l'Afrique de l'Est et à l'Océan Indien. Les résultats de structuration sont en concordance avec les hypothèses d'introduction de la tique à Madagascar et dans Océan Indien depuis l'Afrique de l'Est, et d'introduction dans la Caraïbe depuis l'Afrique de l'Ouest. A Madagascar, il a été mis en évidence une forte diversité génétique chez les tiques A. variegatum et l'existence de populations bien structurées mais de manière hétérogène. Cette structure est probablement influencée par l'interaction complexe de différents facteurs géographiques, climatiques et anthropiques. (Texte intégral

A CANDELS WFC3 Grism Study of Emission-Line Galaxies at z~2: A Mix of Nuclear Activity and Low-Metallicity Star Formation

We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 slitless grism spectroscopy of 28 emission-line galaxies at z~2, in the GOODS-S region of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS). The high sensitivity of these grism observations, with 1-sigma detections of emission lines to f > 2.5x10^{-18} erg/s/cm^2, means that the galaxies in the sample are typically ~7 times less massive (median M_* = 10^{9.5} M_sun) than previously studied z~2 emission-line galaxies. Despite their lower mass, the galaxies have OIII/Hb ratios which are very similar to previously studied z~2 galaxies and much higher than the typical emission-line ratios of local galaxies. The WFC3 grism allows for unique studies of spatial gradients in emission lines, and we stack the two-dimensional spectra of the galaxies for this purpose. In the stacked data the OIII emission line is more spatially concentrated than the Hb emission line with 98.1 confidence. We additionally stack the X-ray data (all sources are individually undetected), and find that the average L(OIII)/L(0.5-10 keV) ratio is intermediate between typical z~0 obscured active galaxies and star-forming galaxies. Together the compactness of the stacked OIII spatial profile and the stacked X-ray data suggest that at least some of these low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies harbor weak active galactic nuclei.Comment: ApJ accepted. 8 pages, 6 figure

Coronary stent artifact reduction with an edge-enhancing reconstruction kernel : a prospective cross-sectional study with 256-slice CT

Purpose Metallic artifacts can result in an artificial thickening of the coronary stent wall which can significantly impair computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients with coronary stents. The objective of this study is to assess in vivo visualization of coronary stent wall and lumen with an edge-enhancing CT reconstruction kernel, as compared to a standard kernel. Methods This is a prospective cross-sectional study involving the assessment of 71 coronary stents (24 patients), with blinded observers. After 256-slice CT angiography, image reconstruction was done with medium-smooth and edge-enhancing kernels. Stent wall thickness was measured with both orthogonal and circumference methods, averaging thickness from diameter and circumference measurements, respectively. Image quality was assessed quantitatively using objective parameters (noise, signal to noise (SNR) and contrast to noise (CNR) ratios), as well as visually using a 5-point Likert scale. Results Stent wall thickness was decreased with the edge-enhancing kernel in comparison to the standard kernel, either with the orthogonal (0.97 ± 0.02 versus 1.09 ± 0.03 mm, respectively; p<0.001) or the circumference method (1.13 ± 0.02 versus 1.21 ± 0.02 mm, respectively; p = 0.001). The edge-enhancing kernel generated less overestimation from nominal thickness compared to the standard kernel, both with the orthogonal (0.89 ± 0.19 versus 1.00 ± 0.26 mm, respectively; p<0.001) and the circumference (1.06 ± 0.26 versus 1.13 ± 0.31 mm, respectively; p = 0.005) methods. The edge-enhancing kernel was associated with lower SNR and CNR, as well as higher background noise (all p < 0.001), in comparison to the medium-smooth kernel. Stent visual scores were higher with the edge-enhancing kernel (p<0.001). Conclusion In vivo 256-slice CT assessment of coronary stents shows that the edge-enhancing CT reconstruction kernel generates thinner stent walls, less overestimation from nominal thickness, and better image quality scores than the standard kernel

Evidence for a role of NTS2 receptors in the modulation of tonic pain sensitivity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Central neurotensin (NT) administration results in a naloxone-insensitive antinociceptive response in animal models of acute and persistent pain. Both NTS1 and NTS2 receptors were shown to be required for different aspects of NT-induced analgesia. We recently demonstrated that NTS2 receptors were extensively associated with ascending nociceptive pathways, both at the level of the dorsal root ganglia and of the spinal dorsal horn. Then, we found that spinally administered NTS2-selective agonists induced dose-dependent antinociceptive responses in the acute tail-flick test. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether activation of spinal NTS2 receptors suppressed the persistent inflammatory pain symptoms observed after intraplantar injection of formalin.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We first demonstrated that spinally administered NT and NT69L agonists, which bind to both NTS1 and NTS2 receptors, significantly reduced pain-evoked responses during the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. Accordingly, pretreatment with the NTS2-selective analogs JMV-431 and levocabastine was effective in inhibiting the aversive behaviors induced by formalin. With resolution at the single-cell level, we also found that activation of spinal NTS2 receptors reduced formalin-induced <it>c-fos </it>expression in dorsal horn neurons. However, our results also suggest that NTS2-selective agonists and NTS1/NTS2 mixed compounds differently modulated the early (21–39 min) and late (40–60 min) tonic phase 2 and recruited endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms integrated at different levels of the central nervous system. Indeed, while non-selective drugs suppressed pain-related behaviors activity in both part of phase 2, intrathecal injection of NTS2-selective agonists was only efficient in reducing pain during the late phase 2. Furthermore, assessment of the stereotypic pain behaviors of lifting, shaking, licking and biting to formalin also revealed that unlike non-discriminative NTS1/NTS2 analogs reversing all nociceptive endpoint behaviors, pure NTS2 agonists specifically inhibited paw lifting, supporting a role of NTS2 in spinal modulation of persistent nociception.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study provides the first demonstration that activation of NTS2 receptors produces analgesia in the persistent inflammatory pain model of formalin. The dichotomy between these two classes of compounds also indicates that both NTS1 and NTS2 receptors are involved in tonic pain inhibition and implies that these two NT receptors modulate the pain-induced behavioral responses by acting on distinct spinal and/or supraspinal neural circuits. In conclusion, development of NT agonists targeting both NTS1 and NTS2 receptors could be useful for chronic pain management.</p

Genetic Background of Escherichia coli and Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase Type

ESBL-producing E. coli may arise from interactions between ESBL type, strain genetic background, and selective pressures in various ecologic niches

How to Support the Development of Clinical Reasoning in Students in Psychology?

peer reviewedClinical reasoning (CR) is defined as “the thinking and decision-making processes that allow the clinician to take the most appropriate actions in a specific clinical problem-solving context” (Nendaz et al., 2005). This process is thoroughly addressed in the literature concerning medical students (e.g., Audétat et al., 2017; Cairo Notari et al., 2020). Since clinical reasoning is poorly discussed regarding the education of future clinical psychologists, our objective is to illustrate a pedagogic design which aims at its development throughout the cursus in clinical psychology in the Faculty of Psychology of ULiège. Indeed, as Wilcox and Schroeder stated in 2015, “graduate school is an ideal time to provide clear, immediate feedback not only about students’ diagnostic accuracy but, more importantly, about their clinical reasoning: teaching students how to think like psychologists”. In the Bachelor's program, students are made aware of the clinical reasoning through different educational devices, including two MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course), namely 1 : "Acting for one's health", and 2 : "Psychologist and speech therapist: EBP at the service of the patient". These MOOCS develop diverse theoretical knowledges through different learning paths (e.g., videos, expert interviews, quizzes). Also, they train several practical skills (e.g., literature research, cases analysis). In the Master’s program, Jstudents in clinical psychology participate in a course which aims at developing an integrate approach of clinical psychology, beyond different theoretical perspectives in clinical psychology (e.g., psychodynamic, cognitive and behavioral, systemic, humanist). Concretely, students are trained to recourse to an evidence-based approach in their practice through – for instance - modeling, role-playing, and flipped classes. In Master 1, students focus their clinical reasoning on patients’ assessment while in Master 2, they focus on the elaboration of the therapeutic plan. In parallel to this integrate course, they participate in two internships and seminars supporting the development of the clinical reasoning through presentations of clinical cases and an introduction to the supervision via the "7-eyed model of supervision". This communication will present in detail the different pedagogic designs used. Prospects for development will be discussed, particularly in view of the year of supervised practice that future clinical psychologists will have to complete

The "Ram Effect": A "Non-Classical" Mechanism for Inducing LH Surges in Sheep

During spring sheep do not normally ovulate but exposure to a ram can induce ovulation. In some ewes an LH surge is induced immediately after exposure to a ram thus raising questions about the control of this precocious LH surge. Our first aim was to determine the plasma concentrations of oestradiol (E2) E2 in anoestrous ewes before and after the "ram effect" in ewes that had a "precocious" LH surge (starting within 6 hours), a "normal" surge (between 6 and 28h) and "late» surge (not detected by 56h). In another experiment we tested if a small increase in circulating E2 could induce an LH surge in anoestrus ewes. The concentration of E2 significantly was not different at the time of ram introduction among ewes with the three types of LH surge. "Precocious" LH surges were not preceded by a large increase in E2 unlike "normal" surges and small elevations of circulating E2 alone were unable to induce LH surges. These results show that the "precocious" LH surge was not the result of E2 positive feedback. Our second aim was to test if noradrenaline (NA) is involved in the LH response to the "ram effect". Using double labelling for Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) we showed that exposure of anoestrous ewes to a ram induced a higher density of cells positive for both in the A1 nucleus and the Locus Coeruleus complex compared to unstimulated controls. Finally, the administration by retrodialysis into the preoptic area, of NA increased the proportion of ewes with an LH response to ram odor whereas treatment with the α1 antagonist Prazosin decreased the LH pulse frequency and amplitude induced by a sexually active ram. Collectively these results suggest that in anoestrous ewes NA is involved in ram-induced LH secretion as observed in other induced ovulators