Une analyse critique du débat sur la fragmentation du droit international

The aim of this PhD is to critically analyse the debate on the fragmentation of internationallaw as it émerged in the late 1990s. This debate is a debate about the fate of international law in light of the proliferation of specialised institutions and multiple modes of thinking. From the outside, public international law seems sidelined by the informaI structures of private governance while, from the inside, its functional differentiation raises the question of whether there is a centre around which the discipline would still be unified. From an internaI viewpoint, thus, the multiplication of specialised mIes and institutions looks like a dangerous evolution that should -and can- be avoided, as long as international lawyers ensure a consistency in the interpretation ofboth general internationallaw and specialised regimes. From an external viewpoint, the growth of regulatory regimes seems to reflect the impact of globalisation on (international) law and the way law responds to the functional difTerentiation of global society. The objective of this the sis is to show that none of the positions can prevail decisively over the others, to understand why, and to analyse the consequences of such an indetermination.Cette thèse cherche à analyser de manière critique le débat sur la fragmentation du droit international tel qu'il est apparu à la fin des années 1990. Débattre de la fragmentation, c'est débattre du sort réservé au droit international en raison de la prolifération des institutions et des modes de pensée spécialisés. De l'extérieur, le droit international public semble dépassé par les structures dynamiques et informelles de gouvernance privée tandis que de l'intérieur, la croissance continue de ses branches spécialisées pose la question de savoir s'il existe encore un tronc commun ou un noyau dur autour duquel la discipline serait unifiée. Du point de vue interne, donc, la multiplication des règles et des institutions spécialisées l'ont perçue comme un danger qui doit -et qui peut- être évité, tant et aussi longtemps que l'on assure la cohérence ou l'unité d'interprétation du droit international général et de ses branches spécialisées, travail qui incombe à la dogmatique juridique ainsi qu'à la pratique juridictionnelle. Du point de vue externe, l'apparition des régimes de régulation fonctionnels témoigne plus simplement de l'impact de la mondialisation sur le droit (international) et de la façon dont celui-ci s'adapte à celle-là au travers de nouveaux processus déformalisés de juridisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer qu'aucune des positions ne peut l'emporter de manière décisive sur les autres, de comprendre pourquoi et d'analyser les conséquences de cette indétermination

A breathing zirconium metal-organic framework with reversible loss of crystallinity by correlated nanodomain formation

The isoreticular analogue of the metal-organic framework UiO-66(Zr), synthesized with the flexible trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid as linker, shows a peculiar breathing behavior by reversibly losing long-range crystalline order upon evacuation. The underlying flexibility is attributed to a concerted conformational contraction of up to two thirds of the linkers, which breaks the local lattice symmetry. X-ray scattering data are described well by a nanodomain model in which differently oriented tetragonal-type distortions propagate over about 7-10 unit cells

A Robust Titanium Isophthalate Metal-Organic Framework for Visible-Light Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation

[EN] Isophthalic acid (IPA) has been considered to build metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), owing to its facile availability, unique connection angle-mode, and a wide range of functional groups attached. Constructing titanium-IPA frameworks that possess photoresponse properties is an alluring characteristic with respect to the challenge of synthesizing new titanium-based MOFs (Ti-MOFs) Here, we report the first Ti-IPA MOF (MIP-208) that efficiently combines the use of preformed Ti-8 oxoclusters and in situ acetylation of the 5-NH2-IPA linker. The mixed solid-solution linkers strategy was successfully applied, resulting in a series of multivariate MIP-208 structures with tunable chemical environments and sizable porosity. MIP-208 shows the best result among the pure MOF catalysts for the photocatalytic methanation of carbon dioxide. To improve the photocatalytic performance, ruthenium oxide nanoparticles were photo-deposited on MIP-208, forming a highly active and selective composite catalyst, MIP-208@RuOx, which features a notable visible-light response coupled with excellent stability and recycling ability.S.W. acknowledges the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22071234) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK2480000007). S.N. thanks the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (RTI2018-099482-A-I00 project, the Fundacion Ramon Areces (XVIII Concurso Nacional para la Adjudicacion de Ayudas a la Investigacion en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia, 2016), and Generalitat Valenciana grupos de investigacion consolidables (AICO/2019/214 project) and Agencia Valenciana de la Innovacion (INNEST/2020/111 project) for financial support. C.-C.C. acknowledges the support from the Program of China Scholarship Council (201700260093) and PHC Cai YuanPei Project (38893VJ). C.M.-C. is grateful for financial support from the Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) and the Paris Ile-de-France Region -DIM "Respore.'' H.G. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Severo Ochoa and RTI2018-098237-CO2-1) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo2017/083) for financial support. The authors thank the staff at Synchrotron SOLEIL and the associated scientists for beamtime and assistance during SCXRD data collections on PROXIMA 2A, as well as Dr. Peng Guo and Dr. Nana Yan from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (Chinese Academy of Sciences) for the collection of high-resolution PXRD data for Rietveld refinement.Wang, S.; Cabrero-Antonino, M.; Navalón Oltra, S.; Cao, C.; Tissot, A.; Dovgaliuk, I.; Marrot, J.... (2020). A Robust Titanium Isophthalate Metal-Organic Framework for Visible-Light Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation. 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Mineral magnetic characterization of the Upper Pleniglacial Nussloch loess sequence (Germany): an insight into local environmental processes

Presently, most loess/palaeosol magnetic susceptibility records are interpreted as following either the wind-vigour model or the pedogenic enhancement model. However redoxomorphic processes induced by waterlogging, often referred to gleying in the loess literature, are also known to alter loess deposits but their impact on loess/palaeosol magnetic susceptibility records has received little attention. The reported rock magnetic study aims to characterize the mineral magnetic response of loess to waterlogging-induced redoxomorphic processes, thus improving our understanding of mineral magnetic changes within loess deposits with respect to environmental and climate conditions. The Nussloch loess-palaeosol deposit (Rhine Valley, Germany) was targeted because it is one of the best-studied Pleniglacial deposits for Western Europe in which numerous tundra gley intervals have been identified. Moreover, a comprehensive high-resolution environmental magnetism study has never been undertaken for this site. Various rock magnetism experiments were conducted at both room and low temperatures to characterise the composition, concentration and relative magnetic grain size of the mineral magnetic assemblage. The relative changes in magnetic parameters within the investigated loess interval are primarily controlled by (1) varying concentrations of coarse-grained ferrimagnetic particles of detrital (aeolian) origin and (2) dissolution of fine-grained ferrimagnetic particles related to in situ post-depositional alteration promoted by waterlogging-induced redoxomorphic processes. Goethite is found to be ubiquitous throughout the studied interval and is argued to have both a primary (aeolian) and secondary (in situ) origin. We conclude, that redoxomorphic processes induced by waterlogging, if present, will hinder the interpretation of magnetic susceptibility variations within loess and palaeosol deposits following the expected relationships dictated by the wind-vigour and the pedogenic enhancement magnetism models

Supramolecular assembly of gelatin and inorganic polyanions: Fine-tuning the mechanical properties of nanocomposites by varying their composition and microstructure

A series of bionanocomposites has been synthesized through a complex coacervation process inducing the assembly of gelatin with a wide range of inorganic polyanions (IPyAs) differing by their diameter and charge and including polyoxometalates (POMs) and a polythiomolybdate cluster. The microstructure and stoichiometry of these hybrid coacervates, which are strongly dependent on the charge matching between both components, have been studied by combining Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping. The mechanical properties of these materials were deeply characterized by tensile measurements at large deformation, revealing different behaviors (i.e., elastomer and ductile), depending on the nature of the IPyA. It is noteworthy that the mechanical properties of these bionanocomposites are strongly enhanced, compared to pure gelatin hydrogels. When attempting to connect structure and properties in these bionanocomposites, we have demonstrated that the density of cross-links (gelatin triple helices and IPyA) is the key parameter to control the extensibility of these materials