Gender biases in fake news : how is gender employed in fake news against female candidates?

The objective of this study is to analyze how gender is employed in fake news against female candidates. Fake news is not an entirely new problem, however the internet has allowed for its extensive and quick diffusion, which presents new challenges. According to Shao et al. (2017) the widespread reach of fake news is a major global risk; in that it may affect election outcomes and threaten democracies. One of the ways an election result may be influenced, is if fake news containing gendered attacks against female candidates is widespread. Women pursuing high-level positions of power normally associated with men have often been the target of prejudice, because their candidacy goes against the gendered social norms still existent in our society (Manne, 2018). This leaves women in politics at a disadvantage from the beginning, given that men and women possessing the same attributes or carrying out the same kinds of actions may be perceived differently by voters or get a different reaction from the public (Manne, 2018). The 2016 U.S. presidential election, which was a turning point in terms of widespread concern over the impact of fake news in modern democracies, is used as a case study to investigate questions of gender biases in politics, and the portrayals of female candidates in fake news. This study uses a qualitative content analysis of over 100 fake news stories, independently verified as “false” by a fact-checking organization, that mention Hillary Clinton and/or Donald Trump, and that were spread in 2016, in order to identify potential gender-related patterns in the quantity, type or topic of the most shared fake news stories. The results of this study show that fake news content, disseminated during this time period, often played on gender biases already engrained in society to benefit or disparage different candidates. This study contributes to the fight against fake news, by helping show how gender is also being used in the fabrication of fake news content, to manipulate and influence social media users, and potentially impact election results. Existing gender stereotypes regarding political candidates seem to be used in fake news to hinder female candidates

A Panel Data Econometric Study of Corporate Tax Revenue in European Union: Structural, Cyclical Business and Institutional Determinants

This paper studies the economic determinants of corporate tax revenue to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) across European Union members over the period 1998-2009. The Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) regression results suggest that structural, cyclical, international and institutional factors such as GDP, Government Deficit, Industry Turnover, Unemployment, Number of Enterprises, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Corruption affect revenue performance of an economy. Thus, the findings show that Unemployment Rate and Corruption have an adverse effect on tax collection, while the other analysed factors contribute to a better performance concerning tax collection. In the present paper we also consider as explanatory factors the tax variables Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) and Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR). In fact, empirical results indicate a parabolic relationship between EMTR and corporate tax revenues, reinforcing the hypothesis of the existence of a Laffer curve. Our findings also suggest that the last two years of European Union enlargement are likely not to have had effect in corporate tax revenue to GDP. In addition, specific factors of some countries (Greece, Portugal and Spain) seem to positively affect corporate revenues.Corporate Tax Revenue, EATR, EMTR, Corruption, Laffer Curve

Study of Xenopus orthologs of novel genes expressed in the mouse AVE

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

What teens know about HPV? A cross-sectional study with HBSC Portuguese survey

© 2016 Apex Journal InternationalGlobally, cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of death for women and is usually associated with infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV). To analyse knowledge related to HPV in Portuguese adolescents, and identify the influence of gender, school year, having had sexual education/sexual intercourse in adolescents’ knowledge of HPV. The 2010 study provides national representative data of 5050 Portuguese adolescents, randomly chosen from those attending 6th, 8th and 10th grades during the 2009/2010 academic year. The sample included 52.3% girls and 47.7% males; whose mean age was 14.0 years old. Measures included knowledge of HPV transmission/prevention and having had sexual education/sexual intercourse. Overall, results showed the majority had low level of knowledge, responding incorrectly or saying they did not know the answer. Nevertheless, girls and adolescents who reported having had sex education in a school context showed significantly more knowledge than boys and adolescents who did not report having had sex education in a school context. Another result that should be emphasized is the positive effect that sex education at school had specifically in what regards knowledge about HPV. These results could have significant implications for information provision andthe targeting of future education programmes. In terms of prevention, it emphasises the need to teach about this issue, encourages HPV vaccination and regular screening for cervical cancer and other STIs, that are crucial for the promotion of healthy sexual behaviours.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relatório final de estágio realizado na Escola Básica Eugénio dos Santos

O estágio pedagógico em Educação Física é parte integrante da formação inicial do professor, caraterizando-se como uma etapa fundamental e decisiva na inclusão da prática docente. É o produto de todo o desenvolvimento formativo e o momento de confrontação do futuro professor com a realidade. O presente documento procura descrever e analisar de forma reflexiva, crítica e sempre que possível projetiva, a experiência vivida durante todo o estágio pedagógico em Educação Física. O ano de formação foi determinante para o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos e competências fundamentais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, permitindo-me resolver problemas de modo mais eficiente e adequado, bem como tornar-me mais preparada para desempenhar o papel de professora com qualidade e proficiência. Ao longo de todo o estágio pedagógico deparei-me com várias dificuldades nas diferentes áreas de intervenção do professor. Para que as dificuldades pudessem ser minoradas e ultrapassadas foram essenciais os processos de observação e análise da intervenção pedagógica. O estágio pedagógico não se cingiu à atividade em contexto de sala de aula, uma vez que o futuro professor também atua noutros âmbitos com o intuito de potenciar a qualidade do ensino e de melhorar as práticas desenvolvidas na escola. A participação nas dinâmicas da escola, em especial, no desporto escolar, na direção de turma e no desenvolvimento de atividades e de projetos de investigação foram algumas das oportunidades que assumiram principal destaque neste processo de formação.Practicum in Physical Education is an integral part of the initial teacher training, which features as a fundamental and decisive stage towards the inclusion of teacher practice. This is the product of all the formative development and the moment of confrontation with the reality of the future teacher. The present document seeks to describe and analyze reflectively, critically and, whenever possible projectively, the experience lived throughout the Physical Education practicum. The training year formation was crucial to the development of knowledge and fundamental skills in the teaching-learning process, allowing me to solve problems more efficiently and appropriately, and also to become more prepared to act as a teacher with quality and proficiency. Along the entire practicum, I’ve came across with several difficulties in the different activities of teacher intervention. A process of observation and analysis of the pedagogical intervention was essential to lessen and overcome such difficulties. The practicum wasn’t confined to the classroom context, since the future teacher also operates in other areas in order to improve the school’s practices. Participation in the school’s dynamics, such as, in extra-curricular sports, in the direction of a class and developing of activities and research projects, were some of the opportunities, which had a particular highlight in this training process

Conciliação trabalho-família e a influência das novas tecnologias : o caso dos/as trabalhadores/as de uma empresa do setor do turismo

Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosA conciliação entre trabalho e família é identificada como um dos principais desafios que se colocam aos trabalhadores e às trabalhadoras na sociedade atual, sendo a sua importância reconhecida a nível nacional e internacional para uma multiplicidade de atores sociais. As tecnologias da informação e da comunicação trouxeram profundas alterações ao mundo que conhecemos, contribuindo para uma modificação dos métodos de trabalho. Para além dos benefícios percecionados para as organizações, a sua implementação resultou também em repercussões na conciliação entre trabalho e família, percecionadas tanto positivas como negativas. Estas tecnologias permitiram a flexibilização do horário e do local de trabalho, conduzindo a uma perceção de maior controlo sobre a vida familiar e profissional; porém, criaram preocupações no que concerne à delimitação entre estes dois domínios. O presente Trabalho Final de Mestrado tem como propósito compreender quais as implicações das novas tecnologias na conciliação trabalho-família dos/as trabalhadores/as de uma organização do setor do turismo, mais especificamente de uma agência de viagens. Para o efeito foram realizadas entrevistas individuais e procedeu-se à respetiva análise de conteúdo. Foi possível concluir que o efeito das tecnologias na conciliação trabalho-família é sobretudo negativo, conduzindo a uma conectividade (quase) permanente, a qual penaliza a vida familiar. Os efeitos traduzem-se principalmente na perturbação da atenção dedicada à família, extensão do horário laboral e invasão do trabalho no tempo dedicado à família.The work-family balance is one of the main challenges faced by workers in today?s modern society, being its importance nationally and internationally recognized for a variety of social actors. The information and communications technologies brought deep changes to the world we know, while also changing the way we work. Beyond benefits perceived for companies, its implementation also resulted in consequences to work-family balance, both positive and negative. While these technologies allowed more flexibility in work schedules, leading to a bigger perception of control over the professional and family domains, they also created concerns over the limits between professional and family life. The current Master Thesis aims to understand the implications around the use of technological devices in WFB of the professional workers in a company that belongs to the tourism sector, namely a travel agency. It was possible to conclude that the effect of the use of technological devices in WFB is mainly negative, leading to a permanent (or almost) connectivity which penalizes the family life. These effects are mainly translated to distractions from family care, extension of labour hours and invasion of work in family time.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relação entre a motivação intrínseca para a Matemática e o suporte do professor, desempenho académico, género e ano de escolaridade

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia EducacionalNo presente estudo tivemos como objetivos analisar as relações entre a motivação para a Matemática e a perceção que os alunos têm do suporte à autonomia dado pelos seus professores, assim como analisar a relação entre a motivação para a Matemática e o ano de escolaridade, desempenho académico e o género dos alunos. Participaram neste estudo 179 alunos que frequentavam o 6º e 9º ano de escolaridade de uma escola pública de Lisboa. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a escala “Eu e a Matemática” (IMI) e o “Suporte do professor em sala de aula” (LCQ). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os alunos atribuem valor e utilidade à Matemática mas não se percecionam como muito competentes nesta disciplina. A motivação para a Matemática e o suporte à autonomia apresentou uma relação positiva, significativa e moderada, excetuando a dimensão Escolha Percebida que apresentou um valor correlacional baixa. O suporte à autonomia dado pelo professor está relacionado com a motivação dos alunos. Constatou-se que os alunos que apresentavam melhores níveis de desempenho académico demonstraram níveis de motivação intrínseca para a Matemática superiores. Verificou-se também que os níveis de motivação intrínseca para a Matemática diminuem com o aumento do ano de escolaridade. Quanto ao género, em todas as dimensões avaliadas, os rapazes apresentaram níveis de motivação intrínseca para a Matemática mais elevados que as raparigas. ------- ABSTRACT ------- The present study’s objectives were to analyze the relation between motivation in Mathmatics and the perception that students have of autonomy support given by their teachers, as well as to analyze the relation between motivation in Mathematics and grades, academic performance and students’ gender. The sample had 179 students who attended the 6th and 9th grade at a public school in Lisbon. The instruments used were the scale "Me and Mathematics" (IMI) and "Teacher’s support in the classroom" (LCQ). The results showed that students attribute value and utility to Mathematics but don’t perceive themselves as very competent in this subject. Motivation in Mathematics and autonomy support had a positive, significant and moderate correlation, except in Perceived Choice that had a low correlation value. The autonomy support given by the teacher is related to student motivation. It was found that students who had higher levels of academic performance showed higher levels of intrinsic motivation in Mathematics. It was also found that intrinsic motivation levels for Mathematics decreases with the increase of the school year. As to gender, in all dimensions evaluated, boys had higher levels of intrinsic motivation for Mathematics higher than girls

Influences on neural lineage and mode of division in the zebrafish retina in vivo

Cell determination in the retina has been under intense investigation since the discovery that retinal progenitors generate clones of apparently random composition (Price, J., D. Turner, and C. Cepko. 1987. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:156–160; Holt, C.E., T.W. Bertsch, H.M. Ellis, and W.A. Harris. 1988. Neuron. 1:15–26; Wetts, R., and S.E. Fraser. 1988. Science. 239:1142–1145). Examination of fixed tissue, however, sheds little light on lineage patterns or on the relationship between the orientation of division and cell fate. In this study, three-dimensional time-lapse analyses were used to trace lineages of retinal progenitors expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the ath5 promoter. Surprisingly, these cells divide just once along the circumferential axis to produce two postmitotic daughters, one of which becomes a retinal ganglion cell (RGC). Interestingly, when these same progenitors are transplanted into a mutant environment lacking RGCs, they often divide along the central-peripheral axis and produce two RGCs. This study provides the first insight into reproducible lineage patterns of retinal progenitors in vivo and the first evidence that environmental signals influence the orientation of cell division and the lineage of neural progenitors

Developmental expression of Shisa-2 in Xenopus laevis

Shisa is an antagonist of Wnt and FGF signaling, that functions cell autonomously in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to inhibit the post-translational maturation of Wnt and FGF receptors. In this paper we report the isolation of a second Xenopus shisa gene (Xshisa-2). Xenopus Shisa-2shows 30.7% identity to Xshisa. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Xshisa-2 mRNA is present throughout early development and shows an increased expression during neurula and tailbud stages. At neurula stages Xenopus shisa-2 is initially expressed in the presomitic paraxial mesoderm and later in the developing somites. The expression profiles and pattern of Xshisa and Xshisa-2 differ significantly. During gastrulation only Xshisa mRNA is present in the Spemann-Mangold organizer and later on becomes restricted to the neuroectoderm and the prechordal plate

Cohousing. Estratégias de desenho e escalas do habitar em comum

A presente dissertação é um estudo dos mecanismos de desenho adotadosna confguração dos espaços domésticos comuns e privados do habitar em Cohousing.Perante a ausência de um estudo mais aprofundado e de caráctercomparativo sobre o desenho das soluções de conjuntos e edifícios desta natureza,este trabalho, procurando conciliar a amplitude intrínseca do tema com o âmbito doprojeto e da arquitetura, estabelece um 'novo olhar' sobre as dinâmicas do encontro,da convivência e da vida em comunidades contemporâneas de Cohousing. Atravésdo redesenho de 12 casos de estudo internacionais construídos entre o ano de 2003 e2015 foi possível identifcar, pela análise das particularidades bem como das repetiçõese semelhanças presentes, estratégias de desenho segundo padrões comuns do modocomo se obtêm os resultados espaciais, formais e sociais que dão forma a este modode habitar partilhado.A investigação culmina numa refexão da anterior análise e identifcação,clarifcando-se a Escala de coabitação como matéria do espaço, como dispositivoda própria defnição do Cohousing, permitindo, pela combinação de diferenteselementos e dispositivos arquitetónicos, criar uma maior ou menor intensidade departilha e de privacidade em comunidades desta natureza.The present dissertation is a research on the design mechanisms adopted inthe confguration of the common and the private domestic spaces in Cohousing.In the absence of a more detailed and comparative work on designingbuilding solutions of this nature, this work, seeking to reconcile the intrinsic scope of thissubject with the feld of design and architecture, establishes a 'new insight' of thedynamics of the meeting, coexistence, and life in contemporary Cohousingcommunities. Through the redesign of 12 international case studies built between 2003and 2015, it was possible to identify, by the analyses of their drawing peculiarities andsimilarities, different design strategies according to common patterns of how the spatial,formal and social results are achieved and shaped by this shared form of living.The investigation ends with a refection on the previous analysis, clarifying thecohabitation scale as a material of space, as an instrument to the defnition ofCohousing, creating, by the combination of elements and architectural tools, a greateror lesser intensity of sharing and privacy in communities of this nature