Gobernanza de la cadena global de valor del aguacate en México

Globalization is linked to the future level of integration of countries in Global Value Chains (GVC). Using the GVC approach, the effect of governance on learning mechanisms on responsible upgrading was analyzed. 17 interviews with key players in the Mexican avocado sector were applied during May-August 2021, to obtain information on the main agreements between buyers, customers, and requirements to participate in global markets. The information collected was supplemented with databases from government agencies. Graphic analysis, word cloud analysis and descriptive statistics were performed. It was found that global governance is modular, but within the chain it was market, modular and hierarchical, based on the characteristics of the transactions. Learning by imitation is present in market and hierarchical governance, but in the first it is low technology and high in the second. It is concluded that participating in GVC knowledge of norms and standards allows increasing sales volume and accumulating capital but does not guarantee learning to achieve productive or functional improvements. Responsibility as a governance practice is variable between links, it depends on individual and collective capacities and wills, the absence of validated instruments to hold companies accountable makes their application difficult, these instruments must solve real problems, not only provide scientific knowledge.La globalización está ligada al nivel de integración futuro de los países en Cadenas Globales de Valor (cgv). Utilizando el enfoque de cgv se analizó el efecto de la gobernanza en los mecanismos de aprendizaje sobre la actualización (upgrading) responsable. Se aplicaron 17 entrevistas con actores clave del sector aguacatero mexicano durante mayo y agosto del 2021, para obtener información de los principales acuerdos entre compradores, clientes y requisitos para participar en los mercados globales. La información recabada se complementó con bases de datos de organismos gubernamentales y se realizó un análisis gráfico, de nubes de palabras y estadística descriptiva. Se encontró que la gobernanza global es modular, pero al interior de la cadena fue de mercado, modular y jerárquica, basado en las características de las transacciones. Los aprendizajes por imitación están presentes en gobernanzas de mercado y jerárquica, pero en la primera es de baja tecnología y de alta en la segunda. Se concluye que al participar en cgv los conocimientos de normas y estándares permiten aumentar el volumen de ventas y acumular capital, pero no garantizan aprendizajes para lograr mejoras productivas o funcionales. La responsabilidad como práctica de la gobernanza es variable entre eslabones, depende de capacidades y voluntades individuales y colectivas, la ausencia de instrumentos validados para responsabilizar empresas dificulta su aplicación, ya que estos instrumentos deben resolver problemas reales y no solo aportar conocimiento científico

Trayectoria del sistema de innovación del cultivo de girasol en México, 1965-2018

The evolution of sunflower cultivation in Mexico within the framework of global agri-food transitions related to fat consumption is explained. The innovation system approach (IS) was used to study an emerging crop in the context of the traditional national food production patterns. The information was collected from publications and statistical data published between 1965-2018 and from semi-structured interviews with key actors. The information collected was ordered chronologically, identifying relevant actors and events that have affected the crop's trajectory and the IS configuration. The results show that the introduction of sunflower responded to the demand for vegetable oil and fats as a viable alternative for farmers and the agri-food industry. However, its development as a commercial crop has been subordinated to the use of other oilseeds from which by-products are obtained, which by adding their value to that of vegetable oil are more attractive to the industry. Nevertheless, the genetic improvement of sunflower has resulted in new genotypes from which oil is obtained with desirable properties for human health. This opens a new possibility of crop expansion.Se explica la evolución del cultivo de girasol en México en el marco de las transiciones agroalimentarias globales respecto del consumo de grasas. Se utilizó el enfoque de sistema de innovación (SI), el cual es adecuado para estudiar un cultivo emergente en el contexto del patrón tradicional de cultivos de la agricultura nacional. La información se obtuvo de publicaciones y datos estadísticos publicados en el periodo de 1965 a 2018 y de entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores clave. La información recabada se ordenó cronológicamente, identificando actores y eventos relevantes que han afectado, tanto la trayectoria del cultivo como la configuración del SI. Los resultados muestran que la introducción de girasol respondió a la demanda de aceite y grasas vegetales como una alternativa viable para los agricultores y la industria alimentaria. No obstante, su desarrollo como cultivo comercial se ha subordinado al uso de otras oleaginosas de las cuales se obtienen subproductos que al sumar su valor al del aceite son más atractivas para la industria. Sin embargo, el mejoramiento genético del girasol ha derivado en nuevos genotipos a partir de los cuales se obtiene aceite con propiedades deseables para la salud humana. Esto abre una nueva posibilidad de expansión del cultivo

Presencia de productos orgánicos en Twitter desde la perspectiva del análisis de redes sociales

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar cómo está estructurada la red de actores que hablan de productos orgánicos en Twitter y, a través de la identificación de actores clave, conocer la influencia que ejercen dentro de las redes; al hacerlo, desarrollamos ideas significativas que permitan a los usuarios de medios sociales mejorar su interacción y posición dentro de la red. Se buscaron y descargaron los datos de los términos #organico(a) y #organicos(as) por un periodo de seis meses. Para su procesamiento y estudio, se utilizó el enfoque teórico y metodológico del análisis de redes sociales (ARS). La red general se formó por 14,329 tweets únicos, publicados por 6,667 usuarios, configurando una red de 6,521 vínculos directos. Para entender con mayor detalle las interacciones, se segmentó la red con base en dos tipos de relaciones: (1) retweets y (2) menciones o respuestas, ambas redes mostraron estructuras diferentes. Se encontró que el conjunto de relaciones que estructuran la red social está asociado a productos, países y temas, así como a diversos actores clave. Además, la expresión de los orgánicos en Twitter sigue de cerca la visión general de considerarse benéficos para la salud y el medio ambiente.The objective of this research was to analyse how the network of actors talking about organic products on Twitter is structured and, through the identification of key players, to assess the influence they exert within the networks. Doing this, we develop meaningful ideas that allow social media users to improve their interaction and position on networks. The data of the terms #organico(a) and #organicos(as) were searched and downloaded for a six-month period. For its processing and study, the theoretical and methodological approach of social networks analysis (SNA) was used. The general network was formed by 14,329 unique tweets, published by 6,667 users, shaping a network with 6,521 direct links. To understand the interactions in greater detail, the network was segmented based on two types of relationships: (1) retweets and (2) mentions or replies to, both networks showed different structures. It was found that the set of relationships that structure the social network is associated with products, countries, and topics, as well as several key players. Furthermore, the expression of organic on Twitter closely follows the general vision of being considered beneficial for health as well as the environment.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar como se estrutura a rede de atores que falam sobre produtos orgânicos no Twitter e, por meio da identificação dos atores-chave, conhecer a influência que eles exercem nas redes; Ao fazer isso, desenvolvemos ideias significativas que permitem aos usuários de mídia social melhorar sua interação e posição na rede. Os dados dos termos #organico (a) e #organicos (as) foram pesquisados ​​e baixados por um período de seis meses. Para seu processamento e estudo, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da análise de redes sociais (ARS). A rede geral foi composta por 14.329 tweets únicos, publicados por 6.667 usuários, perfazendo uma rede de 6.521 links diretos. Para compreender mais detalhadamente as interações, a rede foi segmentada com base em dois tipos de relacionamento: (1) retuítes e (2) menções ou respostas, ambas as redes apresentavam estruturas diferentes. Constatou-se que o conjunto de relações que estruturam a rede social está associado a produtos, países e temas, bem como a diversos atores-chave. Além disso, a expressão do orgânico no Twitter segue de perto a visão geral de ser considerado benéfico à saúde e ao meio ambiente

Adoção de inovações e fatores associados em empresas familiares agrícolas no México

The literature points out that innovation is based on knowledge, to promote changes that generate greater benefits in companies. In this paper, the level of adoption of innovations and the factors associated with innovation are analyzed in 94 Mexican agricultural and industrial family businesses, which participated in a training focused on technical, administrative, organizational and family aspects. 63% of these companies were surveyed, and the information, through indicators of innovation, comparison of averages, and correlations, was analyzed. The results showed significant impacts in the adoption of innovations in the four aspects; in addition, it was found that the education, the years in the activity, and the number of relatives involved in the company are associated with higher levels of innovation.La literatura señala que la innovación tiene como base el conocimiento, para promover cambios que generen mayores beneficios en las empresas. En este trabajo, se analiza el nivel de adopción de innovaciones y los factores asociados en 94 empresas familiares agropecuarias y agroindustriales mexicanas, participantes en una capacitación enfocada en aspectos técnicos, administrativos, organizacionales y familiares. Se encuestó al 63% de estas empresas y se analizó la información a través de indicadores de innovación, comparación de medias y correlaciones. Los resultados mostraron impactos significativos en la adopción de innovaciones en los cuatro aspectos; además, se encontró que la escolaridad, los años en la actividad y el número de familiares involucrados en la empresa se asocian con mayores niveles de innovación.A literatura indica que a inovação é baseada no conhecimento, para promover mudanças que geram maiores benefícios nas empresas. Neste trabalho, analisa-se o nível de adoção de inovações e os fatores associados em 94 empresas familiares agrícolas e industriais mexicanas, participantes de um treinamento focado nos aspectos técnicos, administrativos, organizacionais e familiares. 63% dessas empresas foram pesquisadas e analisou-se a informação por meio de indicadores de inovação, comparação de médias e correlações. Os resultados mostraram impactos significativos na adoção de inovações nos quatro aspectos; além disso, verificou-se que a escolaridade, os anos de atividade e o número de familiares envolvidos na empresa estão associados a níveis mais altos de inovação

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Modelos de negocio para la producción de ovinos en el nororiente y centro del Estado de México

Sheep farming is important because of the growing demand and the benefits it generates. However, to boost its productivity, it is required to know its business characteristics. The objective of the research was to explain the environment in which production takes place and to define the main business models, to specify their development prospects. A semi-structured interview was applied to 32 companies. To analyze the profile of the producer and the production unit, descriptive statistics was used and to typify the companies depending on their business model, a cluster analysis was used. It was found that, due to the proximity to large urban centers, production is located in a peri-urban area with high demand for resources such as land and water, participates in a short-circuit commercial chain and producers carry out the activity in a complementary way. Under this context, three business models were identified: i) the traditional, which offers animals without differentiated attributes, without making productive and commercial improvements, which develops the activity in an inertial way and without prospects for improvement; ii) the intermediate, which shows greater willingness to apply technical, commercial and managerial knowledge, due to the schooling of its producers; and iii) the specialized, where a better productive management is carried out, offering high-value products. It is concluded that, to boost productivity, it is necessary to take into account the business model and the environment, because only once the needs of the market are met, producers will improve their competitiveness.La ovinocultura es importante debido a la creciente demanda y los beneficios que genera. Sin embargo, para impulsar su productividad se requieren conocer sus características empresariales. El objetivo de la investigación fue explicar el entorno en el cual se desarrolla la producción y definir los principales modelos de negocio, para precisar sus perspectivas de desarrollo. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a 32 empresas. Para analizar el perfil del productor y la unidad de producción se usó estadística descriptiva y para tipificar las empresas dependiendo de su modelo de negocio se utilizó un análisis clúster. Se encontró que, debido a la cercanía con grandes centros urbanos, la producción se ubica en una zona periurbana con alta demanda por recursos como tierra y agua, participa en una cadena comercial de circuito corto y los productores realizan la actividad de manera complementaria. Bajo este contexto, se identificaron tres modelos de negocio: i) el tradicional, que ofrecen animales sin atributos diferenciados, sin realizar mejoras productivas y comerciales, que desarrollan la actividad de manera inercial y sin perspectivas de mejora; ii) el intermedio, que muestra mayor disposición a aplicar conocimientos técnicos, comerciales y gerenciales, debido a la escolaridad de sus productores; y iii) el especializado, en donde se realiza un mejor manejo productivo, ofreciendo productos de alto valor. Se concluye que para impulsar la productividad es necesario tomar en cuenta el modelo de negocio y el entorno, pues solo una vez que se atiendan las necesidades del mercado, los productores mejorarán su competitividad