Earliest Known Use of Marine Resources by Neanderthals

Numerous studies along the northern Mediterranean borderland have documented the use of shellfish by Neanderthals but none of these finds are prior to Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3). In this paper we present evidence that gathering and consumption of mollusks can now be traced back to the lowest level of the archaeological sequence at Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, Spain), dated during the MIS 6. The paper describes the taxonomical and taphonomical features of the mollusk assemblages from this level Bj19 and briefly touches upon those retrieved in levels Bj18 (MIS 5) and Bj17 (MIS 4), evidencing a continuity of the shellfishing activity that reaches to MIS 3. This evidence is substantiated on 29 datings through radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U series methods. Obtained dates and paleoenvironmental records from the cave include isotopic, pollen, lithostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses and they are fully coherent with paleoclimate conditions expected for the different stages. We conclude that described use of shellfish resources by Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) in Southern Spain started ∼150 ka and were almost contemporaneous to Pinnacle Point (South Africa), when shellfishing is first documented in archaic modern humans

Behandlung nichtlinearer Loesungspfade in der Statik mit Hybriden Krylov-Newton-Verfahren

This report is concerned with the application of inexact Newton methods to the computation of nonlinear solution paths. Using the Arnoldi method for solving the appearing sets of linear equations structures with various kinds of tangent stiffness matrices can be computed by one single pathfollowing concept. For a known finite element the described procedure accomplishes to compute axissymmetric shells in the postbuckling range for the first time. Furtheron three new variants of work controlled pathfollowing algorithms are derived, a generalized description of line search algorithms in structural mechanics is given and a new reliable method to control the load direction within a pathfollowing algorithm is presented. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: RR 275(1993,5)+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Earliest known use of marine resources by neanderthals

Numerous studies along the northern Mediterranean borderland have documented the use of shellfish by Neanderthals but none of these finds are prior to Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3). In this paper we present evidence that gathering and consumption of mollusks can now be traced back to the lowest level of the archaeological sequence at Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, Spain), dated during the MIS 6. The paper describes the taxonomical and taphonomical features of the mollusk assemblages from this level Bj19 and briefly touches upon those retrieved in levels Bj18 (MIS 5) and Bj17 (MIS 4), evidencing a continuity of the shellfishing activity that reaches to MIS 3. This evidence is substantiated on 29 datings through radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U series methods. Obtained dates and paleoenvironmental records from the cave include isotopic, pollen, lithostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses and they are fully coherent with paleoclimate conditions expected for the different stages. We conclude that described use of shellfish resources by Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) in Southern Spain started ~150 ka and were almost contemporaneous to Pinnacle Point (South Africa), when shellfishing is first documented in archaic modern humans

Bulk sediment La/Lu ratios from Bajondillo Cave.

<p>Grey arrows reveal the increase of La/Lu values across eolian sand-rich layers from Bajondillo Cave.</p

Lithic industries from Bj₁₉.

<p>Retouched tools (1–4, 6, 10), Flakes (5, 7–9, 12), Levallois core (13), Thermoaltered items (6,12,14). All pieces executed in flint except no. 10 (quartzite).</p

Bajondillo Cave: Overview of records from the chronostratigraphical sequence (techno-typological sequence taken from [<b>6</b>]).

<p>Bajondillo Cave: Overview of records from the chronostratigraphical sequence (techno-typological sequence taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024026#pone.0024026-CortsSnchez1" target="_blank">[<b>6</b>]</a>).</p

Bajondillo Cave: Pollen sequence from levels Bj₁₉-Bj₁₇.

<p>Bajondillo Cave: Pollen sequence from levels Bj₁₉-Bj₁₇.</p

Continental and marine (bold) shellfish species from Bajondillo Cave levels _19-17.

<p>NR: Number of rest. NISP: Number of individual species. LI: number of lithic industries.</p

Stable oxygen isotopic composition of shells from Bajondillo Cave and Malaga coast.

<p>Bajondillo Cave: aragonitic and calcitic mollusk shells and two present-day specimens of <i>Mytilus cf. galloprovencialis</i> from the coast of Malaga.</p

U/Th dates from levels Bj₁₉, Bj₁₇ and Bj₁₆ at Bajondillo Cave.

<p>U/Th dates from levels Bj₁₉, Bj₁₇ and Bj₁₆ at Bajondillo Cave.</p