Waste and Recycled Textiles as Reinforcements of Building Materials

Currently, the use of composite materials in the construction areas has had a great impact on the society; mainly, those related with sustainability and environment aspects. Daily proposals aimed at overcoming the properties of traditional materials that arise, which include emergent materials either from waste or recycled products. One of them is related to the textile materials, which include fibers such as wool, hemp, linen, and cotton. In the past decade, special attention has been focused on the used clothes, which represent a source of raw materials environmentally responsible and economically profitable. Textile materials are discarded daily around the world, representing approximately 1.5% of the generated waste. Blue jeans are the most used clothing in the world, and they are elaborated by one of the most commonly used natural textile fibers—cotton. Textile materials have been reused in different applications, for example, in the production of poor-quality wires, crushed to manufacture noise and temperature insulation materials, and as fillers or reinforcements of concrete. In this chapter, different topics are described that include: (a) environmental impact of textile waste—a result of massive consumption of clothing, (b) recycling and reuse of textile waste, and (c) waste and recycled textile materials used as building materials

Synopsis of Mangle Species in Mexico

The objective of this documentary research work is to contribute to better knowledge of the mangrove species that are located in our country, as well as to provide readers with written and illustrated information on these species. The species described are Avicennia bicolor Standl., Avicennia germinans (L.) L., Conocarpus erectus L., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertner, Rhizophora harrisonii Leechm., and Rhizophora mangle L. The mangroves present in Mexico comprise three families, four genera, and six species. They have a distribution in the 17 coastal states of the country, the largest number of species in the state of Chiapas. The data obtained that are included in the information are identity, distribution, taxonomy, diagnosis, distribution, uses, and protection. In the case of Avicennia bicolor Standl. and Rhizophora Harrisonii Leechm., the information is more scarce, since their distribution is limited to the state of Chiapas

Biochemical characterization of a novel monospecific endo-β-1,4-glucanase belonging to GH Family 5 from a rhizosphere metagenomic library

Cellulases have a broad range of different industrial applications, ranging from food and beverages to pulp and paper and the biofuels area. Here a metagenomics based strategy was used to identify the cellulolytic enzyme CelRH5 from the rhizosphere. CelRH5 is a novel monospecific endo-β-1,4-glucanase belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5). Structural based modelling analysis indicated that CelRH5 is related to endo-β-1,4-glucanases derived from thermophilic microorganisms such as Thermotoga maritima, Fervidobacterium nodosum and Ruminiclostridium thermocellum sharing 30-40% amino acid sequence identity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as 40.5 kDa. Biochemical analyses revealed that the enzyme displayed good activity with soluble forms of cellulose as a substrate such as ostazin brilliant red hydroxyethyl cellulose (OBR-HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and insoluble azurine cross-linked hydroxyethylcellulose (AZCL-HEC). The enzyme shows highest enzymatic activity at pH 6.5 with high pH tolerance, remaining stable in the pH range 4.5 – 8.5. Highest activity was observed at 40 ˚C, but CelRH5 is psychrotolerant being active and stable at temperatures below 30 ˚C. The presence of final products of cellulose hydrolysis (glucose and cellobiose) or metal ions such as Na+, K+, Li+ and Mg2+, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), urea, dithiothreitol (DTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or glycerol, did not have a marked effect on CelRH5 activity. However, the enzyme is quite sensitive in presence of 10 mM ions Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe3+ and reagents such as 1 M guanidine HCl, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and 20% ethanol. Given that it is psychrotolerant and retains activity in the presence of final cellulose degradation products, metal ions and various reagents, which are common in many technological processes; CelRH5 may be potential suitability for a variety of different biotechnological applications

Síndrome metabólico en niños de 6 a 12 años con obesidad, en escuelas públicas de siete municipios del Estado de México

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM), sus componentes y su asociación con la obesidad y el riesgo cardiovascular en niños en edad escolar. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de 1 017 niños de 6 a 12 años de edad. Se recabó información antropométrica, presión sanguínea, glucosa, insulina, colesterol, colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDLc, por sus siglas en inglés), colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDLc, por sus siglas en inglés) y triglicéridos. La presencia de SM y sus componentes se determinaron a partir de los criterios de Cook y colaboradores (2003), modificados para niños y adolescentes. Para el análisis se establecieron dos grupos de edad, con niños de 6 a 9, por un lado, y de 10 a 12 años de edad, por el otro. La asociación entre SM, obesidad y riesgo cardiovascular fue estimada mediante las pruebas t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney, ji cuadrada y regresión logística. Resultados. El SM estuvo presente en 54.6% de los niños obesos. La obesidad fue la característica de mayor asociación para padecer SM, con una razón de momios (RM) de 8.62 (p<0.001). Conclusiones. El SM es alto en niños con obesidad, y su asociación con la resistencia a la insulina y el riesgo aterogénico es considerable

La Imagen y la Narrativa como Herramientas para el Abordaje Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia. Municipios de Mosquera, El Rosal, Facatativá y Suesca.

AnexosA lo largo de los años los hechos de violencia han enmarcado una dura realidad en Colombia, en donde las personas víctimas han tenido que afrontar un sin fin de acontecimientos tanto positivos como negativos con el único propósito de aprender a reinventarse cada día y salir adelanta sin importar nada más. Estas personas víctimas de violencia en la mayoría de los casos obligadas a desplazamientos forzados, a las cuales les vulneran sus derechos, pierden su identidad cultural, su familia, deben dejar todo lo que en algún momento construyeron, abandonar sus sueños, sus metas, proyectos y tratar de empezar una nueva vida lejos de horror que sintieron. El caso de Ana ligia no es un caso aislado ajeno a todo esto, es un caso donde la protagonista relata todo el sufrimiento que tuvo que padecer por estar desplazada junto con su círculo familiar, dejando a un lado su futuro para empezar de cero en otro lugar donde no conoce a nadie, lo difícil que ha sido para ella encontrar empleo que le permita crecer como persona y brindarle un futuro idóneo a su familia son algunas de las consecuencias que trae el desplazamiento forzado y la violencia en Colombia (Banco Mundial, 2009). Según Sánchez (2003) citado por Torregrosa (2009) el pasado debe tener una apropiación que permita transformar la manera de crear la identidad. En este sentido y desde el rol del psicólogo social comunitario, se abordaron diferentes estrategias que contribuyeran a una comprensión más clara de la situación que deben afrontar la mayoría de estas personas, las cuales tienen alteraciones emocionales como miedo, rabia, dolor, depresión, sensación de persecución e inseguridad, generando malestar para poder iniciar nuevamente con su vida dificultando en la mayoría de los casos las relaciones interpersonales. En el presente informe se realiza una comprensión de la importancia que tiene el accionar del psicólogo para el apoyo de las personas víctimas de violencia en los diferentes escenarios y como desde el acompañamiento se puede contribuir al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de todas las personas.Through the years the acts of violence have framed a hard reality in Colombia, where the victims have had to face endless positive and negative events with the only purpose of learning how to reinvent themselves every day and get ahead no matter what else. Most of the victims of violence are forced to displacement, their rights are violated, lose their culture identity, their families, leave everything that they built even their dreams, goals, projects and try to start a new life away from the horror they felt. Ana Ligia’s case is no stranger to all of this events, in this story Ana Ligia as the protagonist tell as all the suffering that she has to go through because of the forced displacement with her family, leaving their future to start from scratch in a different place, without knowing anyone, to find a job has been another difficulty for her, one that allows her to grow as a person and provide an ideal future for her family, those showed in Ana Ligia´s story are some of the consequences of the forced displacement and the violence in Colombia. (Mundial bank,2009) According to Sánchez (2003) cited by Torregrosa (2009), the past must have an appropriation that allows to transform the way that is created the identity. In this sense and from the role of the community social psychologist, different strategies were addressed that would contribute to a clearer comprehension of the situation that have to face the people that suffer the forced displacement, they have emotional problems like fear, angry, pain, depression, feelings of persecution and insecurity, discomfort about beginning again with their lives and affecting in most of the cases, their personal relationships. This report provides an understanding of the importance that has the acts of a psychologist to support the victims of violence in different situations and how and how psychosocial support can contribute to improving the quality of life of all people

Neotropical termite microbiomes as sources of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes

In this study, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise the microbial metabolic potential for lignocellulose transformation in the gut of two colonies of Argentine higher termite species with different feeding habits, Cortaritermes fulviceps and Nasutitermes aquilinus. Our goal was to assess the microbial community compositions and metabolic capacity, and to identify genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Individuals from both termite species contained the same five dominant bacterial phyla (Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes) although with different relative abundances. However, detected functional capacity varied, with C. fulviceps (a grass-wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples containing more genes related to amino acid metabolism, whereas N. aquilinus (a wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples were enriched in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. The C. fulviceps gut microbiome was enriched specifically in genes coding for debranching- and oligosaccharide-degrading enzymes. These findings suggest an association between the primary food source and the predicted categories of the enzymes present in the gut microbiomes of each species. To further investigate the termite microbiomes as sources of biotechnologically relevant glycosyl hydrolases, a putative GH10 endo-β-1,4-xylanase, Xyl10E, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of the recombinant metagenome-derived enzyme showed high specificity towards beechwood xylan (288.1 IU/mg), with the optimum activity at 50 °C and a pH-activity range from 5 to 10. These characteristics suggest that Xy110E may be a promising candidate for further development in lignocellulose deconstruction applications.Fil: Romero Victorica, Matias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Soria, Marcelo Abel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Batista García, Ramón Alberto. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.; MéxicoFil: Ceja Navarro, Javier A.. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Vikram, Surendra. University of the Witwatersrand; SudáfricaFil: Ortiz, Maximiliano. University of Pretoria; SudáfricaFil: Ontañon, Ornella Mailén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Ghio, Silvina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Ávila, Liliana. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.; MéxicoFil: Quintero García, Omar Jasiel. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.; MéxicoFil: Etcheverry, Clara. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra Biología de los Invertebrados; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Campos, Eleonora. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Cowan, Donald Arthur. University of Pretoria; SudáfricaFil: Arneodo Larochette, Joel Demián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Talia, Paola Monica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentin

A review on viral metagenomics in extreme environments

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the biosphere, and have the ability to infect Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. The virome is estimated to be at least ten times more abundant than the microbiome with 107 viruses per milliliter and 109 viral particles per gram in marine waters and sediments or soils, respectively. Viruses represent a largely unexplored genetic diversity, having an important role in the genomic plasticity of their hosts. Moreover, they also play a significant role in the dynamics of microbial populations. In recent years, metagenomic approaches have gained increasing popularity in the study of environmental viromes, offering the possibility of extending our knowledge related to both virus diversity and their functional characterization. Extreme environments represent an interesting source of both microbiota and their virome due to their particular physicochemical conditions, such as very high or very low temperatures and >1 atm hydrostatic pressures, among others. Despite the fact that some progress has been made in our understanding of the ecology of the microbiota in these habitats, few metagenomic studies have described the viromes present in extreme ecosystems. Thus, limited advances have been made in our understanding of the virus community structure in extremophilic ecosystems, as well as in their biotechnological potential. In this review, we critically analyze recent progress in metagenomic based approaches to explore the viromes in extreme environments and we discuss the potential for new discoveries, as well as methodological challenges and perspectives

Metagenomics of Atacama lithobiontic extremophile life unveils highlights on fungal communities, biogeochemical cycles and carbohydrate-active enzymes

Halites, which are typically found in various Atacama locations, are evaporitic rocks that are considered as micro-scaled salterns. Both structural and functional metagenomic analyses of halite nodules were performed. Structural analyses indicated that the halite microbiota is mainly composed of NaCl-adapted microorganisms. In addition, halites appear to harbor a limited diversity of fungal families together with a biodiverse collection of protozoa. Functional analysis indicated that the halite microbiome possesses the capacity to make an extensive contribution to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, but possess a limited capacity to fix nitrogen. The halite metagenome also contains a vast repertory of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZY) with glycosyl transferases being the most abundant class present, followed by glycosyl hydrolases (GH). Amylases were also present in high abundance, with GH also being identified. Thus, the halite microbiota is a potential useful source of novel enzymes that could have biotechnological applicability. This is the first metagenomic report of fungi and protozoa as endolithobionts of halite nodules, as well as the first attempt to describe the repertoire of CAZY in this community. In addition, we present a comprehensive functional metagenomic analysis of the metabolic capacities of the halite microbiota, providing evidence for the first time on the sulfur cycle in Atacama halites

Genome-wide association analysis of dementia and its clinical endophenotypes reveal novel loci associated with Alzheimer's disease and three causality networks : The GR@ACE project

Introduction: Large variability among Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases might impact genetic discoveries and complicate dissection of underlying biological pathways. Methods: Genome Research at Fundacio ACE (GR@ACE) is a genome-wide study of dementia and its clinical endophenotypes, defined based on AD's clinical certainty and vascular burden. We assessed the impact of known AD loci across endophenotypes to generate loci categories. We incorporated gene coexpression data and conducted pathway analysis per category. Finally, to evaluate the effect of heterogeneity in genetic studies, GR@ACE series were meta-analyzed with additional genome-wide association study data sets. Results: We classified known AD loci into three categories, which might reflect the disease clinical heterogeneity. Vascular processes were only detected as a causal mechanism in probable AD. The meta-analysis strategy revealed the ANKRD31-rs4704171 and NDUFAF6-rs10098778 and confirmed SCIMP-rs7225151 and CD33-rs3865444. Discussion: The regulation of vasculature is a prominent causal component of probable AD. GR@ACE meta-analysis revealed novel AD genetic signals, strongly driven by the presence of clinical heterogeneity in the AD series

Aire. Apoyo Integral Respiratorio en Emergencias

El desarrollo de la formación académica en vía aérea difícil concluyó en el texto que se presenta ahora bajo el nombre de AIRE, Apoyo Integral Respiratorio en Emergencias. Este proyecto se inició hace 5 años con el objetivo de desarrollar un curso adquirieran las aptitudes y los conocimientos necesarios para el manejo básico y avanzado de la vía aérea del paciente urgente. Así mismo, respondió a la necesidad creciente de entrenamiento para el manejo avanzado de la vía aérea en el entorno de los servicios de urgencias intra y extra hospitalarias por parte de los médicos generales, especialistas en Medicina de Emergencias, Anestesia, Cirugía General, Medicina Interna, y de todo el personal relacionado con el cuidado del paciente crítico. Fue así como un grupo de conformado por dos emergeciólogos, cuatro residentes de Medicina de Emergencias y una terapeuta respiratoria comenzamos a convertirnos en facilitadores para el aprendizaje de este difícil tema