Growth, Photosynthesis, and Physiological Responses of Ornamental Plants to Complementation with Monochromic or Mixed Red-Blue LEDs for Use in Indoor Environments

Inch (Tradescantia zebrina) and spider (Chlorophytum comosum) plants were grown in a growth chamber for two months in plastic containers to evaluate the effects of different light treatments (TO Tube luminescent Dunn (TLD) lamps or control), TB (TLD lamps + blue light emitting diodes (LEDs)), TR (TLD lamps + red LEDs), and TBR (TLD lamps + blue and red LEDs) on biomass, photosynthesis, and physiological parameters. Total dry weight and water content were evaluated at the end of the experimental period. After two months, pigment concentrations and the photosynthetic rate were assessed in both species. The total soluble sugar, starch, and proline concentrations in the leaf as physiological parameters were studied at the end of the experiment. Both species had increased root, shoot, and total dry weight under blue LEDs conditions. The chlorophyll concentration showed a specific response in each species under monochromic or mixed red-blue LEDs. The highest photosynthetic rate was measured under the addition of mixed red-blue LEDs with TLD lamps. At the physiological level, each species triggered different responses with respect to total soluble sugars and the proline concentration in leaves under monochromic or mixed red-blue LEDs. Our study demonstrated that the addition of blue LEDs is advisable for the production of these ornamental foliage species

Derechos de la naturaleza análisis jurídico y social de los derechos de la naturaleza en la provincia del Azuay. Defensa y garantía de estos

Una sociedad es un complejo tejido de relaciones que se construyen sobre la intersección histórica de los acuerdos que la configuran; así, en la dialéctica contenedor-contenido, entendiendo el contenedor como la estructura compleja de políticas, normas, protocolos e instituciones que, configuran la plataforma de desarrollo de los contenidos, mismos que se corresponden con la dinámica red de relaciones, usos, costumbres, tradiciones y demás formas de expresión y relación de los agentes que la conforman y, a la que llamamos hábito o cultura. Desde esta perspectiva, toda transformación, para que sea sostenible en el tiempo, debe conjugar las dos dimensiones; es decir, procurar cambios de contenedor, para levantar las condiciones que sustenten, los cambios en el contenido, en la matriz de relaciones y, por tanto, en la cultura como forma de interacción en el tiempo.Cuenc

Ansiedad en ratas genéticamente heterogéneas : hacia la identificación de genes para caracteres conductuales cuantitativos

El uso de roedores genéticamente heterogéneos constituye una estrategia única para la identificación y el 'mapeo fino' a alta resolución de locus genéticos (QTL) con influencia sobre fenotipos cuantitativos biológicos y conductuales, permitiendo la identificación de genes individuales (genes cuantitativos) con acción sobre aquéllos. Presentamos el primer estudio de este tipo con ratas genéticamente heterogéneas (N/Nih-HS; derivadas de ocho cepas de ratas consanguíneas), que se evalúan en varias pruebas conductuales que miden ansiedad/miedo no aprendidos ('Caja blanca/negra', 'Laberinto en 'cero' elevado') o aprendidos (conducta de petrificación en contexto condicionado, adquisición de la evitación activa en dos sentidos en la caja de vaivén). Las ratas N/Nih-HS presentan una conducta más parecida a la de la cepa consanguínea RLA-I (ansiosas) que a la de la RHA-I (poco ansiosas). Se hallan correlaciones significativas entre variables incondicionadas de ansiedad y de la adquisición de la evitación activa en dos sentidos, confirmadas parcialmente por análisis de regresión múltiple. Las ratas N/Nih-HS relativamente 'evitadoras' exhiben niveles más bajos de ansiedad no aprendida que las poco 'evitadoras'. Los resultados de esta evaluación del comportamiento de las ratas N/Nih-HS son discutidos en términos de su potencial utilidad para la investigación neurogenética de la ansiedad y el miedoThe use of genetically heterogeneous (outbred) rodents is a unique resource for the identification and fine mapping of genetic loci (QTL) influencing biological and behavioural quantitative phenotypes, allowing the identification of quantitative genes. We present the first study of this kind carried out with genetically heterogeneous rats (N/Nih-HS; derivated from an eight-way cross of inbred strains), whose behaviour is assessed in tests evoking unlearned (Black/white box, Elevated 'zero' maze) or learned (context conditioned freezing, two-way active avoidance acquisition in the shuttlebox) anxious/fearful responses. The behavioural profile of N/Nih-HS rats is more similar to that of RLA-I (anxious) rats rather than to RHA-I (low anxious) rats. Significant correlations are found among unconditioned anxiety variables and two-way active avoidance acquisition in the shuttlebox; these are partially confirmed by multiple regression analysis. 'High avoider' N/Nih-HS rats show lower unlearned anxiety levels than 'low avoiders'. Results of this behavioural assessment of the N/Nih-HS rats are discussed in terms of their potential usefulness for present and future neurobehavioural and genetic studies of fearfulness and anxiet

Federaciones de las Américas: descentralización, relaciones intergubernamentales y recentralización

La literatura sobre federalismo es muy amplia en términos teóricos y empíricos, no obstante, los estudios han prestado poca atención a la comparación entre las cinco federaciones americanas. Se asume, no siempre con fundamentos suficientes, que el modelo americano es el caso paradigmático de federalismo, de forma que los países latinoamericanos son considerados como desviaciones. Por lo tanto, existe una laguna que será subsanada con este estudio sobre las cinco federaciones americanas, pues a excepción de trabajos que comparan Estados Unidos con algún país latinoamericano o con Canadá, la literatura es carente de un análisis que discuta este tema en forma más amplia. Ese es el principal objetivo de esta obra: ofrecer al lector un análisis comparativo de los cinco países americanos que adoptan la forma federal de organización del Estado nacional: Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos y México. La brecha existente en este campo de estudios se vuelve aún más pronunciada en vista de los cambios significativos que alteraron la organización política y administrativa de los países latinoamericanos, como la reanudación de la democracia hace tres décadas, principalmente en Argentina y Brasil, más la inclinación autoritaria y centralizadora de otros gobiernos nacionales, como es el caso de México. No menos importantes han sido los cambios en el federalismo americano, que combinan procesos de devolución con la ampliación de la actuación regulatoria. En Canadá, la evolución del modelo político de la federación generó cambios menos profundos. En cualquier caso, para el período que va desde la década de los ochenta hasta la fecha, los cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento de las cinco federaciones han motivado debates entre los estudiosos del tema. Este libro pretende presentar a los investigadores del área temática las principales tendencias en curso sobre ese debate. Las expresiones y conceptos pueden diferir en su forma, pero acaban por expresar una comprensión de los tres procesos que permiten realizar este análisis comparativo: 1) descentralización, considerada como un amplio espectro entre la no centralización hasta la concentración decisoria en la esfera nacional; 2) relaciones intergubernamentales (RIG) y sus arreglos de coordinación y cooperación entre diferentes niveles de gobierno y las políticas públicas inherentes, y 3) procesos de recentralización que, recientemente, asumen matices distintos en cada país estudiado, igualmente distribuidos en un espectro que va desde la ausencia total del modelo hasta la restitución de atribuciones previamente descentralizadas/delegadas/devueltas a los gobiernos subnacionales. En resumen, este libro se justifica por dos razones básicas: se trata del primer esfuerzo académico de comparación sistemática entre las cinco federaciones americanas y, particularmente, organiza ese debate en torno a las tres dimensiones clave sobre las que han orbitado los procesos de cambio o de refuerzo de las características basales de las federaciones americanas

Management of acute diverticulitis with pericolic free gas (ADIFAS). an international multicenter observational study

Background: There are no specific recommendations regarding the optimal management of this group of patients. The World Society of Emergency Surgery suggested a nonoperative strategy with antibiotic therapy, but this was a weak recommendation. This study aims to identify the optimal management of patients with acute diverticulitis (AD) presenting with pericolic free air with or without pericolic fluid. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, international study of patients diagnosed with AD and pericolic-free air with or without pericolic free fluid at a computed tomography (CT) scan between May 2020 and June 2021 was included. Patients were excluded if they had intra-abdominal distant free air, an abscess, generalized peritonitis, or less than a 1-year follow-up. The primary outcome was the rate of failure of nonoperative management within the index admission. Secondary outcomes included the rate of failure of nonoperative management within the first year and risk factors for failure. Results: A total of 810 patients were recruited across 69 European and South American centers; 744 patients (92%) were treated nonoperatively, and 66 (8%) underwent immediate surgery. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Hinchey II-IV on diagnostic imaging was the only independent risk factor for surgical intervention during index admission (odds ratios: 12.5, 95% CI: 2.4-64, P =0.003). Among patients treated nonoperatively, at index admission, 697 (94%) patients were discharged without any complications, 35 (4.7%) required emergency surgery, and 12 (1.6%) percutaneous drainage. Free pericolic fluid on CT scan was associated with a higher risk of failure of nonoperative management (odds ratios: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.2-19.9, P =0.023), with 88% of success compared to 96% without free fluid ( P <0.001). The rate of treatment failure with nonoperative management during the first year of follow-up was 16.5%. Conclusion: Patients with AD presenting with pericolic free gas can be successfully managed nonoperatively in the vast majority of cases. Patients with both free pericolic gas and free pericolic fluid on a CT scan are at a higher risk of failing nonoperative management and require closer observation

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity

Extraction of the Muon Signals Recorded with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory Using Recurrent Neural Networks

We present a method based on the use of Recurrent Neural Networks to extract the muon component from the time traces registered with water-Cherenkov detector (WCD) stations of the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The design of the WCDs does not allow to separate the contribution of muons to the time traces obtained from the WCDs from those of photons, electrons and positrons for all events. Separating the muon and electromagnetic components is crucial for the determination of the nature of the primary cosmic rays and properties of the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies. We trained a neural network to extract the muon and the electromagnetic components from the WCD traces using a large set of simulated air showers, with around 450 000 simulated events. For training and evaluating the performance of the neural network, simulated events with energies between 1018.5, eV and 1020 eV and zenith angles below 60 degrees were used. We also study the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory and show that our predicted muon lateral distributions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration