95 research outputs found

    Compte rendu du colloque « Ethnologie et sciences du sport »

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    Les 22 et 23 mai 2008, le Laboratoire d’ethnologie et de sociologie comparative organisait, Ă  la Maison de l’archĂ©ologie et de l’ethnologie de Nanterre, le colloque « Ethnologie et sciences du sport » dans le but de confronter les approches ethnographiques autour des pratiques corporelles (sportives ou activitĂ©s d’expression). Cette rencontre, la premiĂšre au plan national et en Europe Ă  notre connaissance, a rĂ©uni vingt‑neuf contributeurs français, rĂ©pondant Ă  l’invitation de Gilles Raveneau ..

    Compte rendu du colloque « Ethnologie et sciences du sport »

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    Les 22 et 23 mai 2008, le Laboratoire d’ethnologie et de sociologie comparative organisait, Ă  la Maison de l’archĂ©ologie et de l’ethnologie de Nanterre, le colloque « Ethnologie et sciences du sport » dans le but de confronter les approches ethnographiques autour des pratiques corporelles (sportives ou activitĂ©s d’expression). Cette rencontre, la premiĂšre au plan national et en Europe Ă  notre connaissance, a rĂ©uni vingt‑neuf contributeurs français, rĂ©pondant Ă  l’invitation de Gilles Raveneau ..

    Tourisme sportif et construction de l’altĂ©ritĂ© dans les espaces de pratique : le canoĂ« en France et en Zambie

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    Historiquement, le canoĂ« s’est constituĂ© autour du principe de libre circulation sur les cours d’eau et sur un imaginaire touristique de la nature. Dans la France de l’aprĂšs-guerre, des parties de riviĂšres se sont fermĂ©es Ă  la navigation, conduisant les canoĂ©istes Ă  rechercher de nouveaux espaces de pratique. Des sites d’eau vive ont alors Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans les pays africains durant les annĂ©es 1950. Une logique “naturelle”, fondĂ©e sur un environnement instable et sauvage, s’est constituĂ©e selon des conceptions touristiques de la nature. Ces derniĂšres prennent en compte le rapport au territoire et le rapport Ă  l’Autre. Il convient de saisir comment a Ă©mergĂ©, du point de vue des touristes occidentaux, leur relation aux populations Tonga de Zambie, dont une partie est mobilisĂ©e comme guides lors des descentes du ZambĂšze en canoĂ«. Des entretiens menĂ©s avec eux ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s Ă  partir d’une enquĂȘte in situ, dans la pratique itinĂ©rante. Cette activitĂ© est destinĂ©e Ă  faire dĂ©couvrir la nature et Ă  explorer des hauts lieux. Les gorges du ZambĂšze en aval des chutes Victoria constituent en ce sens un site propice Ă  ce type d’activitĂ© lors des voyages en Zambie. Mais dans quel contexte ce loisir s’est-il diffusĂ© d’Europe en Afrique ? Il s’agit de montrer comment les rapports d’altĂ©ritĂ© entre pratiquants se sont construits et comment ils changent les normes des guides.Historically, canoeing is based on the principle of free circulation on water streams and on a tourism-oriented overview of nature. In France, during post-war years, rivers were closed to navigation, which led canoeists to search for new spaces to practice. Wild waters sites were identified in African countries during the 1950s. A “natural” logic, based on an unstable and wild environment, has been incorporated under tourist designs of nature. These take into account the relationship with the land and the relation to the Other. We should understand how emerged, from the point of view of Western tourists, their relationship to the Tonga people of Zambia, some of them being mobilized as guides on the Zambezi River. Interviews were analyzed, using an in situ investigation. This activity is designed to explore the nature and explore high places while travelling in Zambia; the Zambezi River Gorge is a world-renowned site for this type of activity. In what context did leisure canoe spread from Europe to Africa? We should show how the otherness between practitioners relationships are constructed and how they change the guides norms

    Tourisme Sportif et Identités : Les pratiquants de canoë en Zambie

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    TĂ­tulo em portuguĂȘs: Turismo desportivo e identidades: Os praticantes de canoagem na ZĂąmbiaCet article repose sur une enquĂȘte sur les usages sociaux du canoĂ« en Zambie. Il a pour objectif de dĂ©crire les caractĂ©ristiques des relations sociales qui se nouent entre Ă©trangers et « populations locales ». Si l’organisation de l’activitĂ© recouvre une visĂ©e touristique pour nombre de pays africains, touristes et habitants entrent peu en interaction en dehors de la pratique des loisirs. Pour Ă©tudier l’identitĂ©, il s’agit de caractĂ©riser la genĂšse du tour en canoĂ« afin de saisir l’émergence de modes d’apprĂ©hension de l’Autre dans le cadre du loisir en Zambie. La singularitĂ© des relations sociales entre populations occidentales et africaines pose la question de la diffĂ©rence culturelle, au moment oĂč la globalisation introduit Ă  la fois une homogĂ©nĂ©isation des pratiques et une fragmentation dans les modes de vie. L’article proposera une rĂ©flexion critique car les modes de structuration du canoĂ« constituent un rĂ©vĂ©lateur des rapports toujours ambivalents entre pays occidentaux et africains.Este artigo Ă© baseado em uma pesquisa sobre os usos sociais da canoagem na ZĂąmbia. Tem como objectivo descrever as caracterĂ­sticas das relaçÔes sociais estabelecidas entre os estrangeiros e as “populaçÔes locais”. Se a organização da actividade integra uma estratĂ©gia turĂ­stica presente em numerosos paĂ­ses africanos, turistas e habitantes interagem pouco fora das prĂĄticas de lazer. De forma a estudar a identidade desta actividade necessitamos caracterizar a gĂ©nese dos passeios de canoa e apreender o surgimento dos modos de apreensĂŁo do Outro nas actividades de lazer na ZĂąmbia. A singularidade das relaçÔes sociais entre as populaçÔes ocidentais e africanas levanta a questĂŁo da diferença cultural, em que a globalização introduziu uma padronização de prĂĄticas e uma fragmentação nos estilos de vida. O artigo irĂĄ fornecer uma reflexĂŁo crĂ­tica pois os mĂ©todos de estruturação da canoagem sĂŁo reveladores das ambivalĂȘncias sempre presentes nas relaçÔes entre os paĂ­ses ocidentais e os paĂ­ses africanos

    Relation d’enquĂȘte et problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans les Ă©tudes ethnographiques sur les pratiques sportives

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    Cet article analyse et discute des apports mĂ©thodologiques de l’ethnographie pour les Ă©tudes consacrĂ©es aux sports. Il prĂ©sente les Ă©tapes les plus ordinairement franchies par les chercheurs et leurs significations dans la relation d’enquĂȘte ainsi que les difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es dans les publications scientifiques. En observant les sportifs, l’ethnographe compose une trame narrative des faits oĂč il traque le particulier pour extraire le sens de ces activitĂ©s. Ses travaux contribuent Ă  renouveler l’approche de ces objets. L’implication du chercheur auprĂšs des pratiquants imposerait de recourir Ă  des mĂ©thodes spĂ©cifiques pour dĂ©passer l’étude de cas (mode innovant de recueil de donnĂ©es, comparaisons).This paper analyzes and discusses the methodological contributions of ethnography for studies of sports. It presents the steps most commonly crossed by researchers and their meanings in relation to investigation and the difficulties encountered in the scientific literature. Observing the sport, the ethnographer composed a narrative of facts where the individual tracks to extract the meaning of these activities. His work contributed to renew the approach of these objects. The involvement of the researcher to require practitioners to use specific methods to overcome the case study (mode of data collection, comparison).Este artigo analisa e discute as contribuiçÔes metodolĂłgicas da etnografia para o estudo do desporto. Apresenta os passos geralmente mais encontrados pelos investigadores e os seus significados em relação Ă  pesquisa e Ă s dificuldades encontradas na literatura cientĂ­fica. Ao observar os desportistas, o etnĂłgrafo compĂ”e uma narrativa de factos onde acompanha o significado dessas atividades. O seu trabalho contribui para renovar a abordagem desses objectos. O envolvimento do investigador com os profissionais exige o uso de mĂ©todos especĂ­ficos para superar o estudo de caso (modo inovador de recolha de dados, comparaçÔes).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Relation d’enquĂȘte et problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques dans les Ă©tudes ethnographiques sur les pratiques sportives

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    Cet article analyse et discute des apports mĂ©thodologiques de l’ethnographie pour les Ă©tudes consacrĂ©es aux sports. Il prĂ©sente les Ă©tapes les plus ordinairement franchies par les chercheurs et leurs significations dans la relation d’enquĂȘte ainsi que les difficultĂ©s rencontrĂ©es dans les publications scientifiques. En observant les sportifs, l’ethnographe compose une trame narrative des faits oĂč il traque le particulier pour extraire le sens de ces activitĂ©s. Ses travaux contribuent Ă  renouveler l’approche de ces objets. L’implication du chercheur auprĂšs des pratiquants imposerait de recourir Ă  des mĂ©thodes spĂ©cifiques pour dĂ©passer l’étude de cas (mode innovant de recueil de donnĂ©es, comparaisons).This paper analyzes and discusses the methodological contributions of ethnography for studies of sports. It presents the steps most commonly crossed by researchers and their meanings in relation to investigation and the difficulties encountered in the scientific literature. Observing the sport, the ethnographer composed a narrative of facts where the individual tracks to extract the meaning of these activities. His work contributed to renew the approach of these objects. The involvement of the researcher to require practitioners to use specific methods to overcome the case study (mode of data collection, comparison).Este artigo analisa e discute as contribuiçÔes metodolĂłgicas da etnografia para o estudo do desporto. Apresenta os passos geralmente mais encontrados pelos investigadores e os seus significados em relação Ă  pesquisa e Ă s dificuldades encontradas na literatura cientĂ­fica. Ao observar os desportistas, o etnĂłgrafo compĂ”e uma narrativa de factos onde acompanha o significado dessas atividades. O seu trabalho contribui para renovar a abordagem desses objectos. O envolvimento do investigador com os profissionais exige o uso de mĂ©todos especĂ­ficos para superar o estudo de caso (modo inovador de recolha de dados, comparaçÔes).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Du « cas-limite » de Georg Simmel à la conceptualisation de la violence par Michel Wieviorka

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    In this article, we explore the notion of « cas-limite » described in the book Conflict. We were asking what Georg Simmel has to say about the conflict when he’s less oriented to unity than destruction of others. Could this autor help us to understand the phenomons of extrem violence studies by Michel Wieviorka and seems to be at the opposite of conflict ?Dans cet article, nous explorerons la notion de « cas-limite » dĂ©crite dans Le conflit et chercherons Ă  questionner ce que nous dit Georg Simmel du conflit quand celui-ci tend moins Ă  l’unitĂ© qu’à la destruction de l’autre. Cet auteur peut-il aujourd’hui nous Ă©clairer sur les phĂ©nomĂšnes de violence extrĂȘme Ă©tudiĂ©s par Michel Wieviorka et qui semblent opposĂ©s au conflit

    Les terrains de football Ă  Yaoundé : usages et conflits d’accĂšs aux espaces publics

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    À YaoundĂ©, les terrains de football, espaces amĂ©nagĂ©s et ouverts au jeu, sont en nombre limitĂ©. Face Ă  une forte demande, leur accĂšs reste problĂ©matique pour les habitants. Notre enquĂȘte sociologique porte sur l’observation d’usagers de ces stades et leurs discours sur l’accĂšs aux sites Ă  l’échelle du 6e arrondissement de la capitale camerounaise. Si cette municipalitĂ© gĂšre officiellement les redevances d’occupation et les plannings, les usages divergent, gĂ©nĂ©rant des conflits. Nous en restituons la complexitĂ© Ă  l’aune des transactions sociales Ă  l’Ɠuvre Ă  l’échelle du quartier. MalgrĂ© la mise en place de comitĂ©s de gestion, des tensions s’exacerbent en particulier chez les jeunes. Ce contexte engendre des discriminations entre les publics. In fine, cette situation s’avĂšre dĂ©favorable aux pratiquants de loisir.In YaoundĂ©, football fields, spaces developed and open to play, are limited in number. Faced with high demand, their access remains problematic for residents. Our sociological study focuses on the observation of users of these stadiums and their views on access to the sites at the scale of the 6th arrondissement of the Cameroonian capital. If this municipality officially manages occupancy fees and schedules, uses diverge, generating conflicts. We reproduce its complexity in the light of the social transactions at the work at the neighbourhood level. Despite the establishment of management committees, tensions are rising particular among young people. This context leads to discrimination between the public. In the end, this situation proves to be unfavorable to leisure practitioners

    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

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    RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≄60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

    The structure of the white water sports market in the French Alps

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    In this article, we aim to demonstrate how the natural resources of the Ubaye Valley have shaped the structure of the white water sports market. Work by associations, beginning with the boom in the pursuit of canoeing in the 1930s, dates back the longest in the valley. It reached its peak at the end of the 1970s, marking the beginning of commercial interest. An analysis of the competitive relationships and strategies of the various stakeholders within the local context shows that the offering is based on a process of “touristification”, encouraging the emergence of competition between the companies. Since the 1980s, the expansion of these businesses in the Ubaye Valley, supported by guides, has largely contributed to the development of the first commercial white water rafting offerings in France. The market has segmented, and now consists of companies trading on the image of a protected valley to differentiate itself from competing destinations
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