Family farming in the agricultural census of 2006: the legal mark and the options for their identification.

(Agricultura familiar no censo agropecuário 2006: o marco legal e as opções para sua identificação). Visando delimitar a agricultura familiar no Censo Agropecuário 2006, o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA) e o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) elaboraram metodologia para construção de uma variável identificando os estabelecimentos agropecuários recenseados e que se ajustam ao conceito previsto na Lei n.11.326, de 24 de julho de 2006. O texto apresenta os passos metodológicos utilizados e alguns resultados

A reforma agrária no Censo Agropecuário 2006

Faculdade UnB Planaltina (FUP

O censo agropecuário 2006 e a agricultura familiar no Brasil

O presente texto tem por objetivo contribuir com o processo de apropriação dos resultados do Censo Agropecuário 2006, e em particular, dos dados sobre a agricultura familiar, inaugurado pelo caderno temático do IBGE. Está estruturado em 6 tópicos, incluindo esta apresentação. No tópico 2 são destacadas algumas das novidades, tecnológicas e metodológicas, do Censo 2006. O tópico 3 busca situar a discussão sobre os resultados a partir de uma contextualização das transformações da agropecuária no bojo de alguns dos principais aspectos e indicadores das mudanças na economia brasileira no período entre os Censos 1995/1996 e 2006. O tópico 4 assinala cuidados a serem tomadas na comparação entre os resultados destes dois censos em decorrências de mudanças metodológicas. No tópico 5, o mais extenso concentra-se a apresentação do retrato da agricultura familiar, iniciando-se por considerações metodológicas sobre a variável derivada seguida da descrição comentada de resultados disponíveis. Por fim, são feitas considerações finais seguidas de um anexo com fichas sintéticas de dados da agricultura familiar por unidade da federação

Family Farming and the 2006 Brazilian AgricultureLivestock Census

The present report intends to contribute to the full understanding of the results of 2006 Agriculture/Livestock Census and, in particular, of data on family farming, showed in the IBGE thematic report. It is divided into six topics, including this presentation. In the second topic, some of the technological and methodological innovations from the 2006 Census are highlighted. The third topic attempts to situate the debate about the results through a contextualization of agricultural transformations in the center of some key aspects and indicators of changes in Brazilian economy during the period between the 1995/1996 and the 2006 Censuses. Topic 4 draws the attention to the extreme caution needed while comparing the results from these two censuses due to methodological changes. The fifth and longest topic focuses on the presentation of a portrait of family farming in Brazil, beginning with methodological considerations about the derived variable, followed by an explanatory description of available results. In the conclusion, final considerations are drawn, and a summarized data sheets for all Brazilian States is annexed

An in-depth review of the evolution of integrated public policies to strengthen family farms in Brazil

From 2003, the Zero Hunger Program and subsequently, in 2011, the Brazil Without Poverty Plan, marked a deliberate convergence of the purposes and actions focused on farmers and family farmers in Brazil. This allowed simultaneous access to social policies and polices focused on agriculture and livestock activities, through a permanent set of public policies, such as rural credit, climate and income insurance, technical assistance and commercialization. This happened in parallel to affirmative actions related to gender, ethnicity and rural youth. To deal with such complex themes such as eradicating hunger and extreme poverty, the Federal Government began to integrate traditionally independent actions and programs. The creation of institutional markets focused on family farming, such as the Program for Purchase of Food (PAA) and the National Program for School Meals (PNAE), is an example of combining public policies, such as social assistance, education, agriculture and land development. The creation of this integrated program was only made possible by the coordination and the strong commitment towards joint efforts by federal ministries and bodies, as well as the effective participation of state and municipal governments. The constant presence of organized civil society, with its councils and forums, and of the organized movements in the rural, helped to correct and increase the actions, and conferring legitimacy to the programs

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost