Caracterización morfológica, fisicoquímica y de sanidad de una selección de clones multipatrón de guanábana (Annona muricata L.)

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue caracterizar e identificar injertos clonales multipatrón con características morfológicas, fisicoquímicas y de sanidad para obtener buenos rendimientos y calidad de pulpa del fruto en poblaciones de guanábana. Se utilizó la lista de descriptores, recomendado por CORPOICA para caracterizar el fruto y pulpa de las plantas clonales. Para la caracterización morfológica cuantitativa y cualitativa de la fruta se utilizó el software estadístico InfoStat, y para determinas las características más sobresalientes de la pulpa se usó el software SPSS Ver. 24. El análisis químico de la pulpa fue mediante las técnicas no paramétricas de Kruskal Wallis. En la caracterización cualitativa de la pulpa el 43,1% mostraron color blanco y blanco nieve, el 42,1% tuvo sabor ácido, el 57,9% tuvo textura media y el 44,7 % presento aroma medio y 36,8% aroma alto, el 50% mostro ser semi jugoso. El pH encontrado oscilo entre 4,70 y 2,92, con respecto a los sólidos solubles totales expresados en ºBrix tuvo en promedio 17,10. Se concluye que existe variabilidad genética en caracteres cualitativo y cuantitativo del fruto y pulpa en clones injertados y se encontraron diferencias en el análisis químico de la pulpa de plantas clonales

Selección, identificación y zonificación de café (Coffea arabica L.) por su adaptabilidad, rendimiento, calidad sensorial y resistencia a plagas y enfermedades

Con el objetivo de seleccionar, identificar y zonificar plantas madre de variedades de café (Coffea arabica L.) que presenten buena adaptabilidad, resistencia a plagas, enfermedades y alta calidad en taza en las provincias de Satipo, Chanchamayo y Oxapampa, se identificó 10 variedades de café en las parcelas de los productores cafetaleros entre 870 a 1638 msnm. La incidencia de la roya amarilla en el cultivo de café en los distritos de Pichanaqui y Río Negro fue 0% en Catuaí de fruto rojo con 5 años y en San Luis de Shuaro 18% en Bourbón de fruto amarillo con 14 años de la planta. Los agricultores obtienen en producción 11 qq/ha-1 en Bourbón de fruto rojo con 25 años de la planta, 27 qq/ha-1 a 54 qq/ha-1 en Catuaí de fruto rojo con 5 años de la planta. En rendimiento del análisis físico presentó el 73% en Bourbon de fruto amarillo, 78% H1 centroamericano y 76% en Catuaí de fruto rojo y amarillo, con respecto al análisis sensorial Catuaí de fruto rojo mostró 80,25 puntos en taza y Caturra de fruto rojo, Bourbón de fruto amarillo y Geisha con 85 puntos en taza

Neural correlates of visualizations of concrete and abstract words in preschool children: A developmental embodied approach

The neural correlates of visualization underlying word comprehension were examined in preschool children. On each trial, a concrete or abstract word was delivered binaurally (part 1: post-auditory visualization), followed by a four-picture array (a target plus three distractors; part 2: matching visualization). Children were to select the picture matching the word they heard in part 1. Event-related potentials (ERPs) locked to each stimulus presentation and task interval were averaged over sets of trials of increasing word abstractness. ERP time-course during both parts of the task showed that early activity (i.e., <300 ms) was predominant in response to concrete words, while activity in response to abstract words became evident only at intermediate (i.e., 300-699 ms) and late (i.e., 700-1000 ms) ERP intervals. Specifically, ERP topography showed that while early activity during post-auditory visualization was linked to left temporo-parietal areas for concrete words, early activity during matching visualization occurred mostly in occipito-parietal areas for concrete words, but more anteriorly in centro-parietal areas for abstract words. In intermediate ERPs, post-auditory visualization coincided with parieto- occipital and parieto-frontal activity in response to both concrete and abstract words, while in matching visualization a parieto-central activity was common to both types of words. In the late ERPs for both types of words, the post-auditory visualization involved right-hemispheric activity following a "post-anterior" pathway sequence: occipital, parietal, and temporal areas; conversely, matching visualization involved left-hemispheric activity following an "ant-posterior" pathway sequence: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas. These results suggest that, similarly, for concrete and abstract words, meaning in young children depends on variably complex visualization processes integrating visuo-auditory experiences and supramodal embodying representations

Diversidad de hongos Ophiostomatoides en pinos de la sierra Fría de Aguascalientes, México, asociados con Dendroctonus mexicanus

ierra, los pinos son afectados por el insecto descortezador mexicano menor Dendroctonus mexicanus en simbiosis con hongos Ophiostomatoides manchadores de madera que en áreas productoras de este recurso, pueden reducir el valor comercial entre un 10 a 50%. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de identificar a los hongos Ophiostomatoides que causan el manchado de la madera de los pinos en la sierra Fría de Aguascalientes. Se obtuvieron muestras de madera de pinos infestados por D. mexicanus para aislar, purificar e identificar las especies de hongos. Se describieron las características de cultivo de los aislamientos representativos de estos hongos y se realizaron estudios morfométricos de las estructuras reproductivas de anomorfos y teleomorfos de los mismos. Los hongos Ophiostoma sp., Ophiostoma pulvinisporum, O. pluriannulatum, Ceratocystiopsis fasciata y Leptographium sp. fueron identificados en Pinus teocote y P. leiophylla, siendo Ophiostoma sp. y Leptographium sp. los más frecuentes. Este es el primer trabajo en el que se registran estos hongos en los pinos de la sierra Fría de Aguascalientes. ABSTRACT The Sierra Fría of Aguascalientes is covered with temperate forests, sustaining oak, oak-pine, and pine-oak communities. In this sierra, pines are affected by the smaller mexican pine beetle, Dendroctonus mexicanus, in symbiosis with wood-staining Ophiostomatoid fungi that, in timber production areas, may reduce timber value from 10 to 50%. The objective of this research was to identify Ophiostomatoid fungi species that cause wood-stain in pine species in the Sierra Fría of Aguascalientes. Wood samples were taken from pine trees infested by D. mexicanus, to isolate, purify and identify fungi species. Growing characteristics of these fungi were described and morphometric studies of the reproductive structures of anamorphs and telemorphs were conducted. The fungi Ophiostoma sp., O. pulvinisporum, O. pluriannulatum, Ceratocystiopsis fasciata and Leptographium sp., were identified on Pinus teocote and P. leiophylla, being Ophiostoma sp. and Leptographium sp. the most frequent. This is the first document that reports Ophiostomatoid fungi on pine trees of the Sierra Fría of Aguascalientes

Genetic analyses suggest separate introductions of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola into Europe

Lecanosticta acicola is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes brown spot needle blight on native and nonnative Pinus spp. in many regions of the world. In this study we investigated the origin of European L. acicola populations and estimated the level of random mating of the pathogen in affected areas. Part of the elongation factor 1-α gene was sequenced, 11 microsatellite regions were screened, and the mating type idiomorphs were determined for 201 isolates of L. acicola collected from three continents and 17 host species. The isolates from Mexico and Guatemala were unique, highly diverse and could represent cryptic species of Lecanosticta. The isolates from East Asia formed a uniform and discrete group. Two distinct populations were identified in both North America and Europe. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest independent introductions of two populations from North America into Europe. Microsatellite data and mating type distributions indicated random recombination in the populations of North America and Europe. Its intercontinental introduction can most likely be explained as a consequence of the movement of infected plant material. In contrast, the spread of L. acicola within Europe appears to be primarily due to conidial dispersion and probably also ascospore dissemination.The project was supported financially by COST CZ LD12031 (DIAROD), the FPS COST Action FP1102 (DIAROD), Project indicators of trees vitality Reg. No. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0265 co-financed by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic, the Scholarship Foundation of the Republic of Austria (OeAD-GmbH, Austria) for J. Janoušek. The research was supported with funding from the Austrian Science Fund FWF and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7 2007–2013 (KBBE 2009-3) under grant agreement 245268 ISEFOR.http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/phytohj2017Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Genetic

The Road to Academic Excellence : The Making of World-Class Research Universities

For middle-income and developing countries as well as some industrial nations a major challenge for building and sustaining successful research universities is determining the mechanisms that allow those universities to participate effectively in the global knowledge network on an equal basis with the top academic institutions in the world. These research universities provide advanced education for the academic profession, policy makers, and public and private sector professionals involved in the complex, globalized economies of the 21st century. In addition to their contribution to economic development, these universities play a key societal role by serving as cultural institutions, centers for social commentary and criticism, and intellectual hubs. The positive contribution of tertiary education is increasingly recognized as not limited to middle-income and advanced countries, because it applies equally to low-income economies. Tertiary education can help these countries to become more globally competitive by developing a skilled, productive, and flexible labor force and by creating, applying, and spreading new ideas and technologies. A recent study on how to accelerate economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa spells out the crucial contribution of tertiary education in supporting this endeavor (World Bank 2008). It observes that the key for success in a globalized world increasingly lies in how effectively a country can assimilate available knowledge and build comparative advantages in areas with higher growth prospects and how it can use technology to address the most pressing environmental challenges. The main chapters of this book are nine case studies that illustrate what it takes to establish and sustain research universities and help validate the analytical model outlined above, including the paths to building research excellence

Estrés hídrico en Pinus engelmannii Carr., producido en vivero

The effect of water stress was evaluated in relation to the water potential and growth of five-month old seedlings of Pinus engelmannii Carr. The essay was conducted from September 21st to October 27th, 2003; in this period of time three water stress cycles were completed. Significant differences between water supply treatments were found (p &lt; 0.01) in regard to the seedlings water potential after the third day of watering. The seedlings under water stress reached final water potentials from –1,96 to –2,29 MPa, while the seedlings without water stress showed values between –0.13 and –0.20 MPa. The morphological response of the seedlings presented two well-defined trends. First, the seedlings irrigated without humidity restriction showed larger growth rates in height (20.7%), collar diameter (69.4%) and total phytomass production (144.1%). On the other hand, the seedlings under water stress showed smaller increments in height (1.3%), collar diameter (9.8%) and total phytomass (73.1%). It is concluded that the seedlings were sensible to the evaluated levels of water stress, therefore allowing management to promote their hardening. Key words: humidity deficit, seedlings quality, growth, preaconditioning phase.Se evaluó el efecto del estrés hídrico en el potencial hídrico y en el crecimiento de plantas de Pinus engelmannii Carr. de cinco meses de edad, sometidas a dos tratamientos de riego (con y sin estrés hídrico). El experimento comprendió del 21 de septiembre al 27 de octubre de 2003, tiempo en el que se aplicaron tres ciclos de estrés hídrico. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p &lt; 0,01) en el potencial hídrico a partir del tercer día después del riego. Las plantas sometidas a estrés hídrico alcanzaron valores de –1,96 a –2,29 MPa al final de cada ciclo de estrés hídrico, mientras que los del tratamiento sin estrés variaron entre –0,13 y –0,20 MPa. La respuesta morfológica de las plantas mostró dos vertientes bien definidas; en el tratamiento sin restricción de humedad las tasas de crecimiento fueron mayores en altura (20,7%), diámetro del cuello (69,4%) y producción total de fitomasa (144,1%); mientras que en la condición de estrés los incrementos fueron menores en altura (1,3%), diámetro del cuello (9,8%) y fitomasa total (73,1%). Se concluye que las plantas fueron sensibles a los niveles de estrés hídrico evaluados, lo que permitiría su manejo para favorecer su preacondicionamiento

Contrasting vertical and horizontal representations of affect in emotional visual search

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3758/s13423-015-0884-6Independent lines of evidence suggest that the representation of emotional evaluation recruits both vertical and horizontal spatial mappings. These two spatial mappings differ in their experiential origins and their productivity, and available data suggest that they differ in their saliency. Yet, no study has so far compared their relative strength in an attentional orienting reaction time task that affords the simultaneous manifestation of both of them. Here we investigated this question using a visual search task with emotional faces. We presented angry and happy face targets and neutral distracter faces in top, bottom, left, and right locations on the computer screen. Conceptual congruency effects were observed along the vertical dimension supporting the ‘up=good’ metaphor, but not along the horizontal dimension. This asymmetrical processing pattern was observed when faces were presented in a cropped (Experiment 1) and whole (Experiment 2) format. These findings suggest that the ‘up=good’ metaphor is more salient and readily activated than the ‘right=good’ metaphor, and that the former outcompetes the latter when the task context affords the simultaneous activation of both mappings

T cell cholesterol efflux suppresses apoptosis and senescence and increases atherosclerosis in middle aged mice

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by hypercholesterolemia. During aging, T cells accumulate cholesterol, potentially affecting inflammation. However, the effect of cholesterol efflux pathways mediated by ATP-binding cassette A1 and G1 (ABCA1/ABCG1) on T cell-dependent age-related inflammation and atherosclerosis remains poorly understood. In this study, we generate mice with T cell-specific Abca1/Abcg1-deficiency on the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) background. T cell Abca1/Abcg1-deficiency decreases blood, lymph node, and splenic T cells, and increases T cell activation and apoptosis. T cell Abca1/Abcg1-deficiency induces a premature T cell aging phenotype in middle-aged (12-13 months) Ldlr-/- mice, reflected by upregulation of senescence markers. Despite T cell senescence and enhanced T cell activation, T cell Abca1/Abcg1-deficiency decreases atherosclerosis and aortic inflammation in middle-aged Ldlr-/- mice, accompanied by decreased T cells in atherosclerotic plaques. We attribute these effects to T cell apoptosis downstream of T cell activation, compromising T cell functionality. Collectively, we show that T cell cholesterol efflux pathways suppress T cell apoptosis and senescence, and induce atherosclerosis in middle-aged Ldlr-/- mice