313 research outputs found
Factors Influencing Colony Attendance by Northern Fulmars in the Canadian Arctic
The northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) is a common seabird of the North Atlantic Ocean and marine areas of eastern Nunavut. We studied attendance patterns of fulmars at two colonies in the Canadian High Arctic to assess variation in attendance at high latitudes, to compare these patterns to those found for fulmars breeding at colonies to the south, and to determine how weather conditions and breeding status might influence attendance. Colony attendance patterns shared similarities across the species’ range, although local variation in the timing of food supplies may explain differences in the seasonal timing of peak counts at colonies. Stronger winds and extreme inclement weather resulted in lower counts of birds at colonies. Seasonal and daily variation in attendance was attributable to differences in the numbers of failed breeders or non-breeding birds. Changes toward earlier breakup and reduced extent of sea ice should lead to earlier peaks and continued short periodicities in colony attendance cycles of Arctic fulmars.Le fulmar boréal (Fulmarus glacialis) est un oiseau marin courant du nord de l’océan Atlantique et des régions marines de l’est du Nunavut. Nous avons étudié les tendances de fréquentation des fulmars à deux colonies situées dans l’Extrême-Arctique canadien dans le but d’évaluer les variations de fréquentation en hautes latitudes, de comparer ces tendances à celles caractérisant les fulmars se reproduisant aux colonies se trouvant plus au sud et de déterminer en quoi les conditions météorologiques et le statut de reproduction peuvent exercer une influence sur la fréquentation. Il existait des similarités entre la répartition des espèces sur le plan des tendances de fréquentation au sein des colonies, bien que les variations locales en matière de disponibilité des approvisionnements alimentaires puissent expliquer les différences entre les dénombrements saisonniers de pointe aux colonies. Les vents violents et le temps des plus incléments se sont traduits par des dénombrements d’oiseaux moins grands aux colonies. Les variations de fréquentation saisonnières et quotidiennes étaient attribuables aux différences sur le plan du nombre de reproducteurs manqués ou d’oiseaux ne se reproduisant pas. Les changements qui se manifestent, tels que l’avancement de la débâcle et une moins grande surface de glace de mer, devraient entraîner des pointes plus hâtives et des périodicités continuellement courtes pour ce qui est des cycles de fréquentation des colonies de fulmars boréaux
Experiences of UK and Irish family carers of people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic
Background:
People with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities (PMID) have high and intensive support needs that ordinarily place significant strain on family carers. This was further heightened by the removal of many external supports during the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to explore the experiences of family carers of people with PMID during the COVID-19 pandemic and understand what the longer-term impact might be on their lives.
Methods:
Focus group interviews (n = 32) were conducted with family carers (n = 126) from the four countries of the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Participants were asked questions relating to their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic, coping strategies, and challenges faced. All focus groups were conducted using the online platform, Zoom. These were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed employing inductive thematic analysis.
Findings:
Three main themes were generated from the data including (1.0) COVID-19 as a double-edged sword (2.0), The struggle for support (3.0), Constant nature of caring. These included 11 subthemes. (1.1) ‘COVID-19 as a catalyst for change’, (1.2) ‘Challenges during COVID-19: dealing with change’, (1.3) ‘Challenges during COVID-19: fear of COVID-19’, (1.4); ‘The online environment: the new normal’ (2.1) ‘Invisibility of male carers’, (2.2) ‘Carers supporting carers’, (2.3) ‘The only service you get is lip service: non-existent services’, (2.4); ‘Knowing your rights’ (3.1) ‘Emotional response to the caring role: Feeling devalued’, (3.2) ‘Emotional response to the caring role: Desperation of caring’, (3.3) ‘Multiple demands of the caring role.’
Conclusions:
The COVID-19 pandemic presented immense challenges to family carers of people with PMID but also provided some opportunities. Families had already struggled to receive many of the supports and services to which they were entitled to only to have these removed at the onset of the pandemic. The experiences of male carers have been largely absent from the literature with this research showing they want to be included in decision making and require tailored support services. Service providers should see the end of the COVID-19 pandemic as providing opportunity to re-examine current provision and design services with family carers. As the direct threat from COVID-19 diminishes and the experiences of those who lived through this period come to the fore, there is a need to re-examine current models and provision of support to family carers to better meet their needs
Herd immunity drives the epidemic fadeout of avian cholera in Arctic-nesting seabirds
Avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is a common and important infectious disease of wild birds in North America. Between 2005 and 2012, avian cholera caused annual mortality of widely varying magnitudes in Northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) breeding at the largest colony in the Canadian Arctic, Mitivik Island, Nunavut. Although herd immunity, in which a large proportion of the population acquires immunity to the disease, has been suggested to play a role in epidemic fadeout, immunological studies exploring this hypothesis have been missing. We investigated the role of three potential drivers of fadeout of avian cholera in eiders, including immunity, prevalence of infection, and colony size. Each potential driver was examined in relation to the annual real-time reproductive number (Rt) of P. multocida, previously calculated for eiders at Mitivik Island. Each year, colony size was estimated and eiders were closely monitored, and evaluated for infection and serological status. We demonstrate that acquired immunity approximated using antibody titers to P. multocida in both sexes was likely a key driver for the epidemic fadeout. This study exemplifies the importance of herd immunity in influencing the dynamics and fadeout of epidemics in a wildlife population
Editor's choice : European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2020 clinical practice guidelines on the management of acute limb ischaemia
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Galaxy Zoo: dust and molecular gas in early-type galaxies with prominent dust lanes
We study dust and associated molecular gas in 352 nearby early-type galaxies
(ETGs) with prominent dust lanes. 65% of these `dusty ETGs' (D-ETGs) are
morphologically disturbed, suggesting a merger origin. This is consistent with
the D-ETGs residing in lower density environments compared to the controls
drawn from the general ETG population. 80% of D-ETGs inhabit the field
(compared to 60% of the controls) and <2% inhabit clusters (compared to 10% of
the controls). Compared to the controls, D-ETGs exhibit bluer UV-optical
colours (indicating enhanced star formation) and an AGN fraction that is more
than an order of magnitude greater (indicating higher incidence of nuclear
activity). The clumpy dust mass residing in large-scale features is estimated,
using the SDSS r-band images, to be 10^{4.5}-10^{6.5} MSun. A comparison to the
total (clumpy + diffuse) dust masses- calculated using the far-IR fluxes of 15%
of the D-ETGs that are detected by the IRAS- indicates that only ~20% of the
dust resides in these large-scale features. The dust masses are several times
larger than the maximum value expected from stellar mass loss, ruling out an
internal origin. The dust content shows no correlation with the blue
luminosity, indicating that it is not related to a galactic scale cooling flow.
No correlation is found with the age of the recent starburst, suggesting that
the dust is accreted directly in the merger rather than being produced in situ
by the triggered star formation. Using molecular gas-to-dust ratios of ETGs in
the literature we estimate that the median current and initial molecular gas
fraction are ~1.3% and ~4%, respectively. Recent work suggests that the merger
activity in nearby ETGs largely involves minor mergers (mass ratios between
1:10 and 1:4). If the IRAS-detected D-ETGs form via this channel, then the
original gas fractions of the accreted satellites are 20%-44%. [Abridged]Comment: 11 pages, 18 figures, 1 table, MNRAS (Accepted for publication- 2012
March 19
Study protocol:a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, phase 2, randomised controlled trial of autologous macrophage therapy for liver cirrhosis (MATCH)
Plasma Dynamics
Contains research objectives and summary of research on twenty-one projects split into three sections, with four sub-sections in the second section and reports on twelve research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant ENG75-06242)U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (Contract E(11-1)-2766)U.S. Energy Research and Development Agency (Contract E(11-1)-3070)U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (Contract E(11-1)-3070)Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T. Industrial Fellowshi
Differences in genotype and virulence among four multidrug-resistant <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> isolates belonging to the PMEN1 clone
We report on the comparative genomics and characterization of the virulence phenotypes of four <i>S. pneumoniae</i> strains that belong to the multidrug resistant clone PMEN1 (Spain<sup>23F</sup> ST81). Strains SV35-T23 and SV36-T3 were recovered in 1996 from the nasopharynx of patients at an AIDS hospice in New York. Strain SV36-T3 expressed capsule type 3 which is unusual for this clone and represents the product of an in vivo capsular switch event. A third PMEN1 isolate - PN4595-T23 - was recovered in 1996 from the nasopharynx of a child attending day care in Portugal, and a fourth strain - ATCC700669 - was originally isolated from a patient with pneumococcal disease in Spain in 1984. We compared the genomes among four PMEN1 strains and 47 previously sequenced pneumococcal isolates for gene possession differences and allelic variations within core genes. In contrast to the 47 strains - representing a variety of clonal types - the four PMEN1 strains grouped closely together, demonstrating high genomic conservation within this lineage relative to the rest of the species. In the four PMEN1 strains allelic and gene possession differences were clustered into 18 genomic regions including the capsule, the blp bacteriocins, erythromycin resistance, the MM1-2008 prophage and multiple cell wall anchored proteins. In spite of their genomic similarity, the high resolution chinchilla model was able to detect variations in virulence properties of the PMEN1 strains highlighting how small genic or allelic variation can lead to significant changes in pathogenicity and making this set of strains ideal for the identification of novel virulence determinant
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International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci.
The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5-20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson's disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2, is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations
Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence
Understanding the formation of stars in galaxies is central to much of modern
astrophysics. For several decades it has been thought that stellar birth is
primarily controlled by the interplay between gravity and magnetostatic
support, modulated by ambipolar diffusion. Recently, however, both
observational and numerical work has begun to suggest that support by
supersonic turbulence rather than magnetic fields controls star formation. In
this review we outline a new theory of star formation relying on the control by
turbulence. We demonstrate that although supersonic turbulence can provide
global support, it nevertheless produces density enhancements that allow local
collapse. Inefficient, isolated star formation is a hallmark of turbulent
support, while efficient, clustered star formation occurs in its absence. The
consequences of this theory are then explored for both local star formation and
galactic scale star formation. (ABSTRACT ABBREVIATED)Comment: Invited review for "Reviews of Modern Physics", 87 pages including 28
figures, in pres
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