175 research outputs found
Les comptes financiers de la Nation en 2006 : nouvelle poussĂ©e de lâendettement du secteur privĂ©, dĂ©sendettement de lâĂtat.
Les mĂ©nages continuent de sâendetter tout en accumulant des actifs financiers. Les sociĂ©tĂ©s non financiĂšres intensifient leur recours aux crĂ©dits bancaires et aux Ă©missions de titres. Ă lâinverse, le besoin de financement des administrations publiques se rĂ©duit.Comptes financiers nationaux, compte financier provisoire, agents non financiers, mĂ©nages, sociĂ©tĂ©s non financiĂšres, administrations publiques, sociĂ©tĂ©s dâassurance et OPCVM, Ă©tablissements de crĂ©dit, non-rĂ©sidents, financements et placements, endettement, dĂ©pĂŽts, refinancement interbancaire, titres de crĂ©ance, crĂ©dits, actions, titres dâOPCVM, assurance-vie, bons du TrĂ©sor, obligations, obligations indexĂ©es, livret A, plan dâĂ©pargne logement, contrats en euros/unitĂ©s de compte.
Le partenariat économique et financier euro-méditerranéen.
Au moment oĂč la France, soutenue par lâItalie et lâEspagne, propose la crĂ©ation dâune Union pour la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, le bilan Ă©conomique et financier des douze annĂ©es du partenariat de Barcelone entre lâUnion europĂ©enne et les pays du pourtour mĂ©diterranĂ©en reste mitigĂ©.intĂ©gration rĂ©gionale, banques centrales, Union europĂ©enne, pays partenaires mĂ©diterranĂ©ens, PPM, transferts des migrants, Alena, commerce international, investissement, IDE.
La composition du patrimoine des ménages entre 1997 et 2003.
Entre 1997 et 2003, le patrimoine des mĂ©nages a crĂ» beaucoup plus rapidement que leur revenu du fait de la revalorisation des actifs immobiliers et leur Ă©pargne financiĂšre sâest davantage orientĂ©e vers des placements Ă risque.MĂ©nages, patrimoine financier, patrimoine immobilier, logements et terrains, placements financiers, dĂ©pĂŽts Ă vue, Ă©pargne-logement, livrets dâĂ©pargne, assurance-vie, valeurs mobiliĂšres, inĂ©galitĂ©s de patrimoine, choix de portefeuille, Ă©pargne, actifs risquĂ©s, diversification, comptes financiers, enquĂȘtes Patrimoine.
Different Oxidative Stress Response in Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts of Reconstructed Skin Exposed to Non Extreme Daily-Ultraviolet Radiation
Experiments characterizing the biological effects of sun exposure have usually involved solar simulators. However, they addressed the worst case scenario i.e. zenithal sun, rarely found in common outdoor activities. A non-extreme ultraviolet radiation (UV) spectrum referred as âdaily UV radiationâ (DUVR) with a higher UVA (320â400 nm) to UVB (280â320 nm) irradiance ratio has therefore been defined. In this study, the biological impact of an acute exposure to low physiological doses of DUVR (corresponding to 10 and 20% of the dose received per day in Paris mid-April) on a 3 dimensional reconstructed skin model, was analysed. In such conditions, epidermal and dermal morphological alterations could only be detected after the highest dose of DUVR. We then focused on oxidative stress response induced by DUVR, by analyzing the modulation of mRNA level of 24 markers in parallel in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. DUVR significantly modulated mRNA levels of these markers in both cell types. A cell type differential response was noticed: it was faster in fibroblasts, with a majority of inductions and high levels of modulation in contrast to keratinocyte response. Our results thus revealed a higher sensitivity in response to oxidative stress of dermal fibroblasts although located deeper in the skin, giving new insights into the skin biological events occurring in everyday UV exposure
ORAI1 calcium channel orchestrates skin homeostasis
To achieve and maintain skin architecture and homeostasis, keratinocytes must intricately balance growth, differentiation, and polarized motility known to be governed by calcium. Orai1 is a pore subunit of a store-operated Ca(2+) channel that is a major molecular counterpart for Ca(2+) influx in nonexcitable cells. To elucidate the physiological significance of Orai1 in skin, we studied its functions in epidermis of mice, with targeted disruption of the orai1 gene, human skin sections, and primary keratinocytes. We demonstrate that Orai1 protein is mainly confined to the basal layer of epidermis where it plays a critical role to control keratinocyte proliferation and polarized motility. Orai1 loss of function alters keratinocyte differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Exploring underlying mechanisms, we show that the activation of Orai1-mediated calcium entry leads to enhancing focal adhesion turnover via a PKCÎČ-Calpain-focal adhesion kinase pathway. Our findings provide insight into the functions of the Orai1 channel in the maintenance of skin homeostasis
Skin color-specific and spectrally-selective naked-eye dosimetry of UVA, B and C radiations
Spectrallyâselective monitoring of ultraviolet radiations (UVR) is of paramount importance across diverse fields, including effective monitoring of excessive solar exposure. Current UV sensors cannot differentiate between UVA, B, and C, each of which has a remarkably different impact on human health. Here we show spectrally selective colorimetric monitoring of UVR by developing a photoelectrochromic ink that consists of a multi-redox polyoxometalate and an eâ donor. We combine this ink with simple components such as filter paper and transparency sheets to fabricate low-cost sensors that provide naked-eye monitoring of UVR, even at low doses typically encountered during solar exposure. Importantly, the diverse UV tolerance of different skin colors demands personalized sensors. In this spirit, we demonstrate the customized design of robust real-time solar UV dosimeters to meet the specific need of different skin phototypes. These spectrallyâselective UV sensors offer remarkable potential in managing the impact of UVR in our day-to-day life
PTCH1+/â Dermal Fibroblasts Isolated from Healthy Skin of Gorlin Syndrome Patients Exhibit Features of Carcinoma Associated Fibroblasts
Gorlin's or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) causes predisposition to basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the commonest cancer in adult human. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTCH1 are responsible for this autosomal dominant syndrome. In NBCCS patients, as in the general population, ultraviolet exposure is a major risk factor for BCC development. However these patients also develop BCCs in sun-protected areas of the skin, suggesting the existence of other mechanisms for BCC predisposition in NBCCS patients. As increasing evidence supports the idea that the stroma influences carcinoma development, we hypothesized that NBCCS fibroblasts could facilitate BCC occurence of the patients. WT (nâ=â3) and NBCCS fibroblasts bearing either nonsense (nâ=â3) or missense (nâ=â3) PTCH1 mutations were cultured in dermal equivalents made of a collagen matrix and their transcriptomes were compared by whole genome microarray analyses. Strikingly, NBCCS fibroblasts over-expressed mRNAs encoding pro-tumoral factors such as Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and tenascin C. They also over-expressed mRNA of pro-proliferative diffusible factors such as fibroblast growth factor 7 and the stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha, known for its expression in carcinoma associated fibroblasts. These data indicate that the PTCH1+/â genotype of healthy NBCCS fibroblasts results in phenotypic traits highly reminiscent of those of BCC associated fibroblasts, a clue to the yet mysterious proneness to non photo-exposed BCCs in NBCCS patients
- âŠ