Infant gut microbiota colonization: influence of prenatal and postnatal factors, focusing on diet

Maternal microbiota forms the first infant gut microbial inoculum, and perinatal factors (diet and use of antibiotics during pregnancy) and/or neonatal factors, like intra partum antibiotics, gestational age and mode of delivery, may influence microbial colonization. After birth, when the principal colonization occurs, the microbial diversity increases and converges toward a stable adult-like microbiota by the end of the first 3–5 years of life. However, during the early life, gut microbiota can be disrupted by other postnatal factors like mode of infant feeding, antibiotic usage, and various environmental factors generating a state of dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis have been reported to increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and some chronic diseases later in life, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, allergies, and asthma. Therefore, understanding the impact of a correct maternal-to-infant microbial transfer and a good infant early colonization and maturation throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life. This paper reviews the published evidence on early-life gut microbiota development, as well as the different factors influencing its evolution before, at, and after birth, focusing on diet and nutrition during pregnancy and in the first months of life

Longitudinal study of cytokine expression, lipid profile and neuronal growth factors in human breast milk from term and preterm deliveries

Breast milk (BM) is considered as a reference for infant nutrition. The role of bioactive components, such as cytokines, hormones, growth factors (GFs) and fatty acids (FAs) is poorly known, but they might be implicated in immune response development. The aim of this study was to identify the lipid profile and the spectrum of cytokines and neuronal GF in BM samples and analyse the influence of gestational age and lactation time on these components. This study used a longitudinal prospective method for the characterization of cytokines, FAs and GFs global profiles in 120 BM samples from 40 healthy mothers (20 preterm and 20 term) collected as colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The cytokines were analysed by protein array (Ray Bio® Human Cytokine Array G6. Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA) and the FAs were analysed by gas chromatography. The FA profile was similar between the term and the preterm BM samples. Omega-3-α-linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-6-linoleic acid were the most abundant in the term and preterm samples during lactation. Omega-3 ETA and omega-3 EPA we observed exclusively in the preterm samples. The cytokine profile showed a different trend based on gestational age. A significantly higher expression of neurotrophic factors was found in the mature preterm milk samples as compared to the mature term samples. Our study is the first to identify the influence and interactions of perinatal factors on cytokine, GFs and FAs in human milk. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).Peer reviewe

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Nuevas presentaciones comerciales de dorada (sparus aurata L.) de Acuicultura: evaluación de la calidad y seguridad alimentaria / Marina Santaella Pascual; directoras, Mª Jesús Periago Castón, Carmen Martínez Graciá.

Tesis-Universidad de Murcia.Consulte la tesis en: BCA. GENERAL. ARCHIVO UNIVERSITARIO. TM 4225

Nuevas presentaciones comerciales de dorada (sparus aurata L.) de Acuicultura: evaluación de la calidad y seguridad alimentaria

"La excelente calidad nutricional del pescado y sus efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud han hecho que este producto sea ampliamente aceptado por los consumidores. La gran producción registrada en los últimos años ha reducido mucho el precio en el mercado de especies como la dorada, por lo que las empresas buscan nuevas presentaciones comerciales que aumenten el valor añadido del producto. Se estudiaron cuatro presentaciones de dorada (Sparus aurata): enteras; fileteadas; fileteadas y envasadas al vacío; y fileteadas, marinadas con zumo de limón y envasadas al vacío. En cada caso 45 doradas cultivadas en jaulas en la costa mediterránea fueron clasificadas en lotes de nueve ejemplares, siendo analizadas a su llegada y a los 5, 10, 15 y 22 días tras la captura, para evaluar la evolución de los distintos parámetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales. Se llevó a cabo un estudio control, para determinar si la manipulación del producto, y su contaminación inicial influyen en la conservación del mismo. Los resultados indican que las doradas fileteadas, marinadas con limón y sal y envasadas al vacío, son una alternativa novedosa, frente a presentaciones comerciales tradicionales como el pescado entero o fileteado, suponiendo una mejora frente al envasado al vacío, al alargar la vida comercial del producto. No obstante, su aplicación dependerá de la aceptación por el consumidor, ya que se modifican las características organolépticas con respecto al pescado fresco. "" The excellent nutritional value of fish and the benefits for the health have made this basic product widely accepted by consumers. For traditional aquaculture species, the high production in recent years has greatly reduced its price in the market, resulting in companies looking for new forms of presentation in order to diversify the supply and increase the added value of the marketed product We studied four presentations of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.): whole; filleted; filleted and vacuum sealed; and filleted, marinated with lemon juice and vacuum sealed. In all the cases, the samples were 45 specimens of gilthead sea bream reared in cages in the Mediterranean coast. The sea breams were placed in nine specimens batches, being tested on arrival and 5, 10 15 and 22 days after capture to assess the evolution of different physico-chemical, microbiological and sensorial parameters. A control study was carried out to determine how the post harvest handling and initial contamination affect the preservation of the final product. The results show that the filleted farmed gilthead sea breams, marinated with lemon and salt and vacuum sealed, are an innovative alternative compared to traditional commercial presentations and this treatment represents an improvement over vacuum packaging by extending the commercial life of the product. Notwithstanding the application depend on consumer acceptability, since it affects the organoleptic characteristics compared to fresh fish

Sensory analysis of different aquaculture gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) commercial presentations.

El análisis o evaluación sensorial, se puede definir como el análisis de los alimentos a través de los sentidos. Desde la antigüedad se ha utilizado la valoración sensorial para aceptar o rechazar los alimentos, así como para asignarle un determinado valor comercial. El análisis sensorial presenta dos grandes ventajas: la rapidez y la sencillez, sin embargo, las sensaciones que motivan al rechazo o aceptación varían con el tiempo y el momento que se perciben, dependiendo tanto de la persona como del entorno, con lo que es necesario objetivar y normalizar los términos y las condiciones que puedan influir en las determinaciones. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo el análisis sensorial de cuatro presentaciones diferentes de dorada almacenadas en hielo: enteras, fileteadas, fileteadas y envasadas al vacío, y marinadas con zumo de limón y envasadas al vacío. El estudio se realizó para determinar el momento en el cual los distintos tipos de muestras eran rechazadas organolépticamente. Para ello un panel de catadores semientrenados evaluaron los atributos de apariencia, olor, flavor y textura, en los filetes de dorada cocinados, utilizando una escala puntuada. En las cuatro presentaciones comerciales, las puntuaciones otorgadas por el panel para la frescura decrecen linealmente a medida que pasan los días de permanencia en hielo. Los miembros del panel de catadores consideraron organolépticamente inaceptables las doradas enteras, las fileteadas y las fileteadas al vacío, en el día 22 de almacenamiento en hielo, sin embargo, las doradas marinadas no alcanzaron esta consideración en los 22 días que duró el estudio.ABSTRACT The analysis or sensory test may be defined as an analysis of food by means of the senses. Such sensory evaluations have been used from ancient times to accept or reject food, as well as to designate its commercial value. Sensory analysis provides two important advantages: it is quick and it is simple. However, the senses which give rise to acceptance or rejection do vary over time and at the moment of perception. This depends as much on the person as on the environment. A reliable measure requires objectivity and normative regulation of terms and conditions that can influence specific evaluations. The current study has carried out sensory analysis of four different githhead sea bream presentations (whole, fillets, vacuum packed fillets, and marinated in lemon juice and vacuum packed fillets). The study was done as a quality test in order to determine the moment in which the fish is organoleptically rejected. In the four presentations, the scores given for freshness, decreased linearly according to time spent in ice. The taste panel members found the whole, the filleted and the vacuum filleted sea bream organoleptically unacceptable by the 22nd day on ice. Nevertheless, marinated sea bream were not so considered by the 22nd day

Deterioration and health quality indicators in refrigerated fillets of sea bream treated with ozonated water and glycine salt

En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado el efecto del lavado con agua ozonizada y el lavado por inmersión durante 2 min con una solución de sal sódica de glicina comercial a una concentración de 5 ppm, sobre los parámetros de calidad de los filetes de dorada (Sparus aurata). Los filetes de dorada con ambos tratamientos fueron envasados individualmente y almacenado en hielo, realizando los análisis a tiempo cero a los 6, 10 y 17 días de almacenamiento. Como indicadores químicos fueron analizadas las concentraciones de Nitrógeno Básico Volátil Total (NBVT) y Nitrógeno de Trimetilamina (N-TMA). Para evaluar la calidad microbiológica se aislaron y cuantificaron los microorganismos marcadores de higiene (aerobios mesófilos totales, Entero-bacteriaceae y coliformes) y microorganismos específicos del deterioro del pescado(Pseudomonas spp., Bro-chotrix thermosphacta y Shewanella putrefaciens). Durante el almacenamiento en refrigeración se observó un incremento significativo de los diferentes grupos microbianos y de los indicadores químicos de calidad en los filetes de dorada, alcanzando valores inaceptables a partir de los 10 días de almacenamiento. De forma general, la utilización de la sal de glicina comercial a 5 ppm no tiene un efecto en la disminución de los microorganismos alterantes de los filetes de dorada, en comparación con los filetes tratados con agua ozonizada, aunque sí se observó una ralentización en el crecimiento de Enterobacterias.ABSTRACT In this study we have studied the effect of washing with ozonized water and the treatment with a commercial glycine salt at 5 ppm for 2 min., on the quality parameters of sea bream fillets (Sparus aurata). After treatment, the fillets were introduced in a plastic bag and stored in ice and in refrigeration, carrying out the analysis at time cero and at 6, 10 and 17 days of storage. Total volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) and Trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) were analyzed as chemical indicators. The microbiological quality was determined through the isolation and quantification of the hygiene microorganisms (total aerobic mesophiles), Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms) and specific microorganisms of the fish spoilage of (Pseudomonas spp., Brochotrix thermosphacta y Shewanella putrefaciens). During the refrigerated storage a significant increase of the different microorganisms and of chemical indicators were observed in the sea bass fillets, reaching unacceptable levels after the 10 days of storage. In general, the utilization of the commercial glycine salt at 5 ppm do not exhibit an effect on the reduction of the specific microorganisms of sea bass fillet spoilage in comparison with the samples washing only with ozonized water

Effect of tomato juice intake on lycopene and short chain fatty acid content in faeces of Sprague Dawley rats.

El consumo de vegetales proporciona a la dieta una amplia variedad de compuestos bioactivos que pueden ser absorbidos en el intestino durante la digestión, o llegar al intestino grueso donde son utilizados como sustratos fermentativos por la flora colónica o se mantienen intactos ejerciendo un efecto beneficioso protector sobre las células del colon. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido evaluar la presencia de licopeno y ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) en las heces de ratas Sprague Dawley (SD) sometidas a distintas dietas. Se seleccionaron 24 ratas machos SD adultas de 12 semanas, clasificándose en tres grupos (control, grupo A y grupo B). Los animales se introdujeron en jaulas metabólicas y fueron alimentados durante 21 días con una dieta estándar y agua ad libitum (grupo control), zumo de tomate con bajo (2.7 mg/100 g) contenido en licopeno (grupo A) y zumo de tomate con alto (12 mg/100 g) contenido en licopeno (grupo B). Diariamente se recogió la orina y las heces. Se seleccionaron las muestras de heces correspondientes al inicio y fin del estudio, determinándose en ellas el contenido de licopeno colorimétricamente y los AGCC por cromatografía gaseosa. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el consumo de zumo de tomate producía un aumento del contenido de licopeno en heces proporcional a la cantidad de licopeno presente en el zumo. La presencia de licopeno en heces nos indica que no todo el licopeno presente en la dieta es absorbido. En relación al perfil de AGCC en heces se observa un cambio desde el inicio al final del estudio, destacando un aumento en el ácido butírico, consecuencia de la modificación en los substratos de fermentación asociada al cambio de alimentación de las ratas que tomaron zumo de tomate. La acción antioxidante del licopeno a su paso por el intestino grueso hasta su excreción en las heces y la formación de ácido butírico, podrían ejercer una acción beneficiosa en las células del colon, pudiéndose prevenir posibles procesos cancerígenos. Palabras clave: tomate, licopeno, ácidos grasos de cadena corta, heces, ratas Sprague Dawley.A wide range of bioactive components are provided to the diet by vegetables intake, which can be absorbed by the intestinal cells during digestion process. Furthermore, some of these components are susceptible to be used as fermentative substrate by intestinal microbiota as well as playing a protective role on colon cells when maintain their original structure. The aim of this research was to evaluate the content of lycopene and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in faeces of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Twenty four 12 weeks old male SD rats, were selected and classified in three different groups (Control, Group A and Group B). The animals were introduced in metabolic cages and fed during a period of 21 days using a standard diet. Control Group was given ad libitum access to food and water, whereas Group B and Group A were given tomato juice with high (12 mg/100 g) and low (2.7 mg/100 g) lycopene content, respectively. Urine and faeces were picked up everyday. Both, faeces samples at the beginning and at the end of the research period were selected, analyzing lycopene content by colorimetric method and SCFA by gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed that tomato juice intake produces an increase in the amount of lycopene in faeces. This increment was directly proportional to the lycopene content in different juices. The presence of lycopene in faeces suggests that not all the lycopene ingested was absorbed. A change in the SCFA profile in faeces has been observed from the beginning to the end of the study. In this way, an increase in butyric acid level was detected in those rats which took tomato juice. This finding could be a consequence of the modification of substrates by fermentation. The antioxidant effect of lycopene through the large intestine until its excretion and the formation of butyric acid, could be able to make a positive effect on colon cells and, eventually, prevent carcinogenic processes

Indicadores de calidad sanitaria y del deterioro en filetes de dorada (Spaurus Aurata) refrigerados sometidos a un tratamiento de agua ozonizada y sal de glicina

In this study we have studied the effect of washing with ozonized water and the treatment with a commercial glycine salt at 5 ppm for 2 min., on the quality parameters of sea bream fillets (Sparus aurata). After treatment, the fillets were introduced in a plastic bag and stored in ice and in refrigeration, carrying out the analysis at time cero and at 6, 10 and 17 days of storage. Total volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) and Trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) were analyzed as chemical indicators. The microbiological quality was determined through the isolation and quantification of the hygiene microorganisms (total aerobic mesophiles), Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms) and specific microorganisms of the fish spoilage of (Pseudomonas spp., Brochotrix thermosphacta y Shewanella putrefaciens). During the refrigerated storage a significant increase of the different microorganisms and of chemical indicators were observed in the sea bass fillets, reaching unacceptable levels after the 10 days of storage. In general, the utilization of the commercial glycine salt at 5 ppm do not exhibit an effect on the reduction of the specific microorganisms of sea bass fillet spoilage in comparison with the samples washing only with ozonized water.En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado el efecto del lavado con agua ozonizada y el lavado por inmersión durante 2 min con una solución de sal sódica de glicina comercial a una concentración de 5 ppm, sobre los parámetros de calidad de los filetes de dorada (Sparus aurata). Los filetes de dorada con ambos tratamientos fueron envasados individualmente y almacenado en hielo, realizando los análisis a tiempo cero a los 6, 10 y 17 días de almacenamiento. Como indicadores químicos fueron analizadas las concentraciones de Nitrógeno Básico Volátil Total (NBVT) y Nitrógeno de Trimetilamina (N-TMA). Para evaluar la calidad microbiológica se aislaron y cuantificaron los microorganismos marcadores de higiene (aerobios mesófilos totales, Enterobacteriaceae y coliformes) y microorganismos específicos del deterioro del pescado (Pseudomonas spp., Brochotrix thermosphacta y Shewanella putrefaciens). Durante el almacenamiento en refrigeración se observó un incremento significativo de los diferentes grupos microbianos y de los indicadores químicos de calidad en los filetes de dorada, alcanzando valores inaceptables a partir de los 10 días de almacenamiento. De forma general, la utilización de la sal de glicina comercial a 5 ppm no tiene un efecto en la disminución de los microorganismos alterantes de los filetes de dorada, en comparación con los filetes tratados con agua ozonizada, aunque sí se observó una ralentización en el crecimiento de Enterobacterias

Longitudinal Study of Cytokine Expression, Lipid Profile and Neuronal Growth Factors in Human Breast Milk from Term and Preterm Deliveries

Breast milk (BM) is considered as a reference for infant nutrition. The role of bioactive components, such as cytokines, hormones, growth factors (GFs) and fatty acids (FAs) is poorly known, but they might be implicated in immune response development. The aim of this study was to identify the lipid profile and the spectrum of cytokines and neuronal GF in BM samples and analyse the influence of gestational age and lactation time on these components. This study used a longitudinal prospective method for the characterization of cytokines, FAs and GFs global profiles in 120 BM samples from 40 healthy mothers (20 preterm and 20 term) collected as colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The cytokines were analysed by protein array (Ray Bio® Human Cytokine Array G6. Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA) and the FAs were analysed by gas chromatography. The FA profile was similar between the term and the preterm BM samples. Omega-3-α-linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-6-linoleic acid were the most abundant in the term and preterm samples during lactation. Omega-3 ETA and omega-3 EPA we observed exclusively in the preterm samples. The cytokine profile showed a different trend based on gestational age. A significantly higher expression of neurotrophic factors was found in the mature preterm milk samples as compared to the mature term samples. Our study is the first to identify the influence and interactions of perinatal factors on cytokine, GFs and FAs in human milk