31 research outputs found

    Contribution à l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental des bùtiments (modélisation numérique des émissions dans l'eau des substances dangereuses)

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    Tous les produits de construction ou les ouvrages qui sont en contact avec l eau de pluie, sont susceptibles de relarguer des composants chimiques potentiellement dangereux pour la santĂ© humaine et l environnement. Actuellement, le relargage des substances dangereuses dans l eau est Ă©valuĂ© essentiellement par des mĂ©thodes expĂ©rimentales - gĂ©nĂ©ralement des essais de lixiviation rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l Ă©chelle du laboratoire. Par ailleurs, les impacts environnementaux des produits de construction et des bĂątiments sont Ă©valuĂ©s par l approche Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  partir de donnĂ©es propres aux fabricants et de donnĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©riques existantes constituĂ©es en bases de donnĂ©es. Or, les Ă©missions de polluants pendant la vie en oeuvre des produits de construction sont actuellement mal prises en compte dans ces mĂȘmes bases de donnĂ©es existantes et dans les mĂ©thodes utilisĂ©es pour l Ă©valuation des performances environnementales des produits et des bĂątiments.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ces travaux ont Ă©tĂ© : (i) de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thodologie pour l Ă©valuation du comportement Ă  la lixiviation de diffĂ©rentes matrices de produits de construction et (ii) d intĂ©grer les donnĂ©es de lixiviation dans les mĂ©thodes ACV Ă  l Ă©chelle du bĂątiment. La mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour l Ă©valuation du comportement Ă  la lixiviation des produits de construction est basĂ©e sur : (1) des essais de caractĂ©risation Ă  la lixiviation, selon les mĂ©thodes standardisĂ©es d Ă©valuation rĂ©pondant au RĂšglement Produits de Construction (RPC), (2) la modĂ©lisation et la simulation des phĂ©nomĂšnes couplĂ©s chimie-transport Ă  l Ă©chelle laboratoire et vraie grandeur et (3) l intĂ©gration des donnĂ©es de lixiviation, obtenues par des simulations numĂ©riques en conditions d exposition naturelle des produits de construction, dans les mĂ©thodes ACV, aux Ă©chelles produit et bĂątiment.La mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e et validĂ©e sur trois produits de construction : le bois traitĂ© CBA (Cuivre - Bore - Azole), la plaque fibrociment et la membrane bitumineuse. Les comportements Ă  la lixiviation du bois traitĂ© CBA et de la plaque fibrociment a Ă©tĂ© simulĂ© pour des conditions naturelles d exposition Ă  long terme, en utilisant le logiciel gĂ©ochimique PHREEQCÂź. Les modĂšles chimiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es permettent de considĂ©rer les matrices organiques et minĂ©rales et leurs interactions avec les polluants. Les phĂ©nomĂšnes de transport des substances ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement modĂ©lisĂ©s. Les modĂšles d Ă©mission dĂ©veloppĂ©s (couplage chimie-transport) permettent de simuler la lixiviation dynamique des produits considĂ©rĂ©s, pour diffĂ©rentes conditions d exposition. Pour la membrane bitumineuse, seule la caractĂ©risation expĂ©rimentale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Les donnĂ©es de lixiviation obtenues lors des simulations sur la durĂ©e de vie en oeuvre des produits ont Ă©tĂ© intĂ©grĂ©es dans les inventaires respectifs du cycle de vie (ICV) des produits. Des mĂ©thodes d impact spĂ©cifiques ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es en association avec les inventaires enrichis pour Ă©valuer les impacts pollution de l eau , toxicitĂ© humaine et Ă©cotoxicitĂ© des produits considĂ©rĂ©s. L ACV d une maison simplifiĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e en utilisant le logiciel ELODIE. La mĂ©thode d Ă©valuation Ă  l Ă©chelle bĂątiment consiste Ă  intĂ©grer les nouvelles donnĂ©es construites sur la base de la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  l Ă©chelle produit aux autres donnĂ©es d ACV Ă  l Ă©chelle bĂątiment. La mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e au cours de ces travaux permet donc l intĂ©gration des donnĂ©es de lixiviation dans les outils ACV dĂ©diĂ©s au bĂątimentAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the fieldTOULOUSE-INSA-Bib. electronique (315559905) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe

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    Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway, and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt.%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances

    Contribution à l'évaluation de l'impact environnemental des bùtiments : modélisation numérique des émissions dans l'eau des substances dangereuses

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    Tous les produits de construction ou les ouvrages qui sont en contact avec l’eau de pluie, sont susceptibles de relarguer des composants chimiques potentiellement dangereux pour la santĂ© humaine et l’environnement. Actuellement, le relargage des substances dangereuses dans l’eau est Ă©valuĂ© essentiellement par des mĂ©thodes expĂ©rimentales - gĂ©nĂ©ralement des essais de lixiviation rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l’échelle du laboratoire. Par ailleurs, les impacts environnementaux des produits de construction et des bĂątiments sont Ă©valuĂ©s par l’approche Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV), rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  partir de donnĂ©es propres aux fabricants et de donnĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©riques existantes constituĂ©es en bases de donnĂ©es. Or, les Ă©missions de polluants pendant la vie en oeuvre des produits de construction sont actuellement mal prises en compte dans ces mĂȘmes bases de donnĂ©es existantes et dans les mĂ©thodes utilisĂ©es pour l’évaluation des performances environnementales des produits et des bĂątiments.Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ces travaux ont Ă©tĂ© : (i) de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thodologie pour l’évaluation du comportement Ă  la lixiviation de diffĂ©rentes matrices de produits de construction et (ii) d’intĂ©grer les donnĂ©es de lixiviation dans les mĂ©thodes ACV Ă  l’échelle du bĂątiment. La mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour l’évaluation du comportement Ă  la lixiviation des produits de construction est basĂ©e sur : (1) des essais de caractĂ©risation Ă  la lixiviation, selon les mĂ©thodes standardisĂ©es d’évaluation rĂ©pondant au RĂšglement Produits de Construction (RPC), (2) la modĂ©lisation et la simulation des phĂ©nomĂšnes couplĂ©s chimie-transport Ă  l’échelle laboratoire et vraie grandeur et (3) l’intĂ©gration des donnĂ©es de lixiviation, obtenues par des simulations numĂ©riques en conditions d’exposition naturelle des produits de construction, dans les mĂ©thodes ACV, aux Ă©chelles produit et bĂątiment.La mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e et validĂ©e sur trois produits de construction : le bois traitĂ© CBA (Cuivre - Bore - Azole), la plaque fibrociment et la membrane bitumineuse. Les comportements Ă  la lixiviation du bois traitĂ© CBA et de la plaque fibrociment a Ă©tĂ© simulĂ© pour des conditions naturelles d’exposition Ă  long terme, en utilisant le logiciel gĂ©ochimique PHREEQCÂź. Les modĂšles chimiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es permettent de considĂ©rer les matrices organiques et minĂ©rales et leurs interactions avec les polluants. Les phĂ©nomĂšnes de transport des substances ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©galement modĂ©lisĂ©s. Les modĂšles d’émission dĂ©veloppĂ©s (couplage chimie-transport) permettent de simuler la lixiviation dynamique des produits considĂ©rĂ©s, pour diffĂ©rentes conditions d’exposition. Pour la membrane bitumineuse, seule la caractĂ©risation expĂ©rimentale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Les donnĂ©es de lixiviation obtenues lors des simulations sur la durĂ©e de vie en oeuvre des produits ont Ă©tĂ© intĂ©grĂ©es dans les inventaires respectifs du cycle de vie (ICV) des produits. Des mĂ©thodes d’impact spĂ©cifiques ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es en association avec les inventaires enrichis pour Ă©valuer les impacts “pollution de l’eau”, “toxicitĂ© humaine” et â€œĂ©cotoxicitĂ©â€ des produits considĂ©rĂ©s. L’ACV d’une maison simplifiĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e en utilisant le logiciel ELODIE. La mĂ©thode d’évaluation Ă  l’échelle bĂątiment consiste Ă  intĂ©grer les nouvelles donnĂ©es construites sur la base de la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  l’échelle produit aux autres donnĂ©es d’ACV Ă  l’échelle bĂątiment. La mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e au cours de ces travaux permet donc l’intĂ©gration des donnĂ©es de lixiviation dans les outils ACV dĂ©diĂ©s au bĂątimentAny construction product and building undergoing contact with water during its life cycle can release chemical compounds potentially hazardous for the human health and the environment. The release of dangerous substances is presently investigated especially by experimental approaches commonly by laboratory leaching tests while the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings are evaluated by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The dangerous substances release during use stage of construction products (leaching behaviour) is currently very poorly represented in the existing data bases and methods for environmental assessment of construction products and buildings.In this context, the main objectives of this study were: (i) to develop a methodology for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of various construction products and (ii) to integrate the leaching data in LCA approach at building scale. The methodology developed for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of construction products is based on: (1) characterisation leaching tests at lab scale, following the horizontal standardised assessment methods for harmonised approaches relating to dangerous substances under the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), (2) modelling and simulation of coupled chemical and transport phenomena at lab and field scale, and (3) utilisation of simulated leaching data for the construction products exposed in natural condition with the LCA method for the characterization of the hazardous effect during the use stage. The proposed methodology was applied and validated on three different classical construction products i.e. CBA (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood, fibre-cement sheets and bitumen membranes. The leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood and fibre-cement sheets was simulated over several years under natural exposure conditions, using the geochemical software PHREEQC. The chemical models consider both the mineral and the organic matrixes and their interaction with treatmentcompounds. Mass transfer and transport phenomena were modelled. The developed coupled chemical-transport models are able to represent the dynamic leaching behaviour of the respective products in various leaching conditions. For bitumen membranes only experimental characterisation was possible. The leaching data obtained by simulation over the whole use stage of the products were integrated in the life cycle inventory (LCI) and the relevant life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods were applied with the enriched inventory. A simplified single-family house was modelled using a software designed to evaluate the intrinsic environmental performances of a building over its entire life cycle. ELODIE software was used in this work. The building scale assessment methodology is based on coupling the methodology developed for the product scale with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) at building scale. This methodology allows a proper integration of leaching data in LCA tools and answers several technical questions raised in the fiel

    Leaching of hazardous substances from a composite construction product - An experimental and modelling approach for fibre-cement sheets

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    International audienceThe leaching behaviour of a commercial fibre-cement sheet (FCS) product has been investigated. A static pH dependency test and a dynamic surface leaching test have been performed at lab scale. These tests allowed the development of a chemical-transport model capable to predict the release of major and trace elements over the entire pH range, in function of time. FCS exhibits a cement-type leaching behaviour with respect to the mineral species. Potentially hazardous species are released in significant quantities when compared to their total content. These are mainly heavy metals commonly encountered in cement matrixes and boron (probably added as biocide). Organic compounds considered as global dissolved carbon are released in significant concentrations, originating probably from the partial degradation of the organic fibres. The pesticide terbutryn (probably added during the preservative treatment of the organic fibres) was systematically identified in the leachates. The simulation of an upscaled runoff scenario allowed the evaluation of the cumulative release over long periods and the distribution of the released quantities in time, in function of the local exposure conditions. After 10 years of exposure the release reaches significant fractions of the species' total content - going from 4% for Cu to near 100% for B

    Mineralogical evolution and leaching behavior of a heap of bottom ash as a function of time – influence on its valorization.

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    International audienceMSWI BA in France is reused as a substitute for natural aggregates in building material for road constructions. Before MSWI BA reuse, treatment operations are generally necessary such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals removal, ageing process, and particle size separation. BA valorization depends on the leaching behavior of the main MTE, which depends on pH. It’s well known that ageing process influence the naturel pH of the BA. Initial pH of fresh BA (around 12 – 13) may decrease until the pH value 8 reached for weathered BA. Ageing process is influenced by different parameters, for example the presence of ferrous metals because of their oxidation and the CO2 content of the gaseous phase in the porosity of BA. Then, as the ferrous removal is more and more efficient and as the MSWI BA are stored in heaps, limiting the atmospheric exchange, the efficiency of ageing process is no longer certain. The main objective of this study was to measure the efficiency of the ageing process when BA are stored in heap. The mineralogical evolution and the leaching behavior of BA were observed during 7 months. To compare, two artificial ageing processes were carried out on the final sample. All the results showed that when the BA were stored in heap, the ageing process was not efficient. The evolution of pH was very low, showing that the carbonation didn’t occur. On the contrary, ‘artificial’ ageing processes permit to diminish the pH value. Mineralogical characterization showed differences between all the samples. These differences permitted to explain the MTE leaching, especially for lead or antimony

    Modelling inorganic and organic biocide leaching from CBA-amine (Copper-Boron-Azole) treated wood based on characterisation leaching tests

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    Numerical simulation of the leaching behaviour of treated wood is the most pertinent and less expensive method for the prediction of biocides' release in water. Few studies based on mechanistic leaching models have been carried out so far. In this work, a coupled chemistry-mass transport model is developed for simulating the leaching behaviour of inorganic (Cu, B) and organic (Tebuconazole) biocides from CBA-amine treated wood. The model is based on experimental investigations (lab-scale leaching tests coupled with chemical and structural analysis). It considers biocides' interactions with wood solid components and with extractives (literature confirmed reactions), as well as transport mechanisms (diffusion, convection) in different compartments. Simulation results helped at identifying the main fixation mechanisms, like (i) direct complexation of Cu by wood-phenolic and -carboxylic sites (and not via monoethanolamine; complex) on lignin and hemicellulose and strong dependence on extractives' nature, (ii) pH dependent binding of tebuconazole on polarized -OH moieties on wood. The role of monoethanolamine is to provide a pore-solution pH of about 7.5, when copper solubility is found to be weakest. The capability of the developed model to simulate the chemical and transport behaviour is the main result of this study. Moreover, it proved that characterization leaching tests (pH dependency and dynamic tests), combined with appropriate analytical methods are useful experimental tools. Due to its flexibility for representing and simulating various leaching conditions, chemical-transport model developed could be used to further simulate the leaching behaviour of CBA treated wood at larger scales. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

    INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL PRE-TREATMENT ON THE LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF BOTTOM ASH

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    International audienceThe valorisation of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is conditioned by its intrinsic content in pollutant elements such as BTEX, PCBs, hydrocarbons
 and by potential release of mineral trace elements. An important percentage of bottom ash is currently not valorised because of regulation constraints. In this context, the objective of our study is to evaluate the influence of chemical pre-treatment on the leaching behaviour of bottom ash.Firstly, the influence of different parameters on the efficiency of the chemical treatment has been investigated. Based on these results an optimised protocol has been developed, consisting of several steps of washing and rinsing. Secondly, for a better understanding of the leaching mechanisms involved, the leaching behaviour of this material has been modelled, using the geochemical modelling tool PhreeqC ¼. The results show that the pre-treatment protocol defined is effective for most elements. There is a good coherence between experimental and simulated data for elements such as calcium and sulphur-these elements have been well described in the mineralogical assemblage. Results are less convincing for other elements (e.g. antimony) for which not enough data exists yet, in order to correctly define their geochemical speciation in the MSWI-BA. To conclude, a short washing step with a hydrochloric acid solution 0.2M and a low liquid-to-solid ratio, followed by two rinsing steps, shows an important decrease in the leachability of MTE and anions from bottom ash

    Modélisation géochimique du comportement à la lixiviation des mùchefers d'incinération de déchets non dangereux

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    Mineral trace elements (MTE) constitute an environmental restriction on the recycling of municipal solid waste incineration-bottom ash (MSWI-BA). The study of the speciation of MTE and the factors that control their release allows to predict their behavior under different environmental conditions and, consequently, suggest different actions to expand the management of MSWI-BA.A geochemical modeling led to a better understanding of the speciation of MTE. In this study, target elements were barium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc and the factors that control their release were identified.The results show that the leaching of metals as a function of pH mainly depends on the mineralogical phases. On the other hand, the organic matter has an influence in the leaching of MTE (for Ni, Cu and Pb notably); organic matter presents adsorbent or complexation properties.Les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) constituent une restriction environnementale pour le recyclage des mùchefers d'incinération des déchets non dangereux (MIDND). L'étude de la spéciation des ETM et des facteurs qui contrÎlent leur mobilité permet de prédire le comportement des MIDND dans différentes conditions environnementales et de suggérer ensuite des actions pour élargir leur gestion. Une modélisation géochimique des MIDND a permis de mieux comprendre la spéciation des ETM. Dans cette étude, les éléments ciblés étaient le baryum, le cuivre, le plomb, le nickel et le zinc et les facteurs qui régissent leur mobilité ont été définis. Les résultats montrent que la lixiviation des métaux en fonction du pH dépend principalement des phases minéralogiques ; la matiÚre organique joue également un rÎle en tant qu'adsorbant ou complexant dans la lixiviation de certains éléments (Ni, Cu et Pb, notamment). Mots-clés Mùchefers d'incinération des déchets non dangereux (MIDND), éléments traces métalliques, capacité de neutralisation acide, modélisation géochimique, PhreeqCI
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