Processamento visual de grades senoidais concêntricas em adolescentes e adultos

The aim of this study was to compare the contrast visual processing of concentric sinusoidal gratings stimuli between adolescents and adults. The study included 20 volunteers divided into two groups: 10 adolescents aged 13-19 years (M=16.5, SD=1.65) and 10 adults aged 20-26 years (M=21.8, SD=2.04). In order to measure the contrast sensitivity at spatial frequencies of 0.6, 2.5, 5 and 20 degrees of visual angle (cpd), it was used the psychophysical method of two alternative forced choice (2AFC). A One Way ANOVA performance showed a significant difference in the comparison between groups: F [(4, 237)=3.74, p<.05]. The post-hoc Tukey HSD showed a significant difference between the frequencies of 0.6 (p <.05) and 20 cpd (p<.05). Thus, the results showed that the visual perception behaves differently with regard to the sensory mechanisms that render the contrast towards adolescents and adults. These results are useful to better characterize and comprehend human vision development.El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el procesamientovisual de contraste para los estímulos en rejilla sinusoidalconcéntrica en adolescentes y adultos. El estudioincluyó a 20 voluntarios divididos en dos grupos: 10adolescentes de 13-19 años (M = 16.5; SD = 1.65) y 10adultos de 20-26 años (M = 21.8; SD = 2.04). Se utilizóel método psicofísico de la elección forzada entre dosalternativas (2AFC) para medir la sensibilidad al contrasteen las frecuencias espaciales de 0.6, 2.5, 5 y 20grados de ángulo visual (CPD). La realización de unaAnova de una vía mostró una diferencia significativaen la comparación entre los grupos: F [(4, 237) = 3.74,p < .05]. El post-hoc de Tukey HSD mostró una diferenciasignificativa entre las frecuencias de 0.6 (p < .05) y20 CPD (p < .05). Por lo tanto, los resultados mostraronque la percepción visual es distinta con respecto a losmecanismos sensoriales que procesan el contraste paraadolescentes y adultos. Estos resultados son útiles parauna mejor caracterización y comprensión de la visiónhumana a lo largo de su desarrollo.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o processamento visual de contraste para estímulos em grade senoidal concêntrica entre adolescentes e adultos. Participaram do estudo 20 voluntários divididos em dois grupos: 10 adolescentes na faixa etária de 13-19 anos (M = 16.5; DP = 1.65) e 10 adultos na faixa etária de 20-26 anos (M = 21.8; DP = 2.04). Utilizou-se o método psicofísico da escolha forçada entre duas alternativas temporais (2AFC) para medir a sensibilidade ao contraste nas frequências espaciais de 0.6; 2.5; 5 e 20 graus de ângulo visual (cpg). A realização de uma ANOVA One Way mostrou diferença significante na comparação entre grupos: F [(4; 237) = 3.74; p <.05]. O teste post-hoc Tukey HSD mostrou diferença significante entre as frequências de 0.6 (p <. 05) e 20 cpg (p <.05). Desta forma, os resultados mostraram que a percepção visual se comporta de forma diferente no que se refere aos mecanismos sensórios que processam o contraste para adolescentes e adultos. Estes resultados são úteis para uma melhor caracterização e compreensão da visão humana ao longo do seu desenvolvimento

Revisão sobre o processamento neuropsicológico dos atributos tonais da música no contexto ocidental

Many discussions about the music processing have occurred over the years. It is stated, on one hand, the existence of a single joint for grasping the music or any of its attributes by the Central Nervous System. Furthermore, it is claimed also the existence of multiple and diverse systems to understand each aspect of music. In general, model-independent set, studies focusing on the processing of sound components, specifically the musical tones, can significantly clarify the basic functioning of the auditory system and other higher brain functions. In this sense, one of the most prominent approaches in the study of sensory and perceptual processes of hearing, or changed unharmed, has been Neuroscience, which is interested in the interaction between the brain areas corresponding to different cognitive processes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to review the studies that dealt processing models of the attributes of tonal Western music, based on the conception that neuropsychological neural structures are interdependent sensory pathways.En los últimos años se han llevado a cabo gran número de discusiones acerca del procesamiento de la música. Se afirma, por un lado, la existencia de un único sistema para la aprehensión de la música o de cualquiera de sus atributos por el sistema nervioso central. Por otra parte, se aduce la existencia de sistemas múltiples y diversos para la comprensión de cada uno de los aspectos de la música. En general, con independencia del modelo definido, los estudios centrados en el procesamiento de los componentes sonoros, específicamente de los tonos musicales, pueden aclarar el funcionamiento básico del sistema auditivo y otras funciones superiores del cerebro. En este sentido, uno de los enfoques más importantes en el estudio de los procesos sensoriales y perceptivos de la audición, normales o patológicos, ha sido la neurociencia, la cual se interesa en la interacción entre las áreas del cerebro que corresponden a diferentes procesos cognitivos. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue revisar los estudios que se ocupan de los modelos de procesamiento de los atributos de la música occidental tonal, basados en la idea de que las estructuras neurales son interdependientes de las vías sensoriales.Muitas discussões a respeito do processamento musical têm ocorrido ao longo dos anos. Afirma-se, por um lado, a existência de um sistema único comum para a apreensão da música ou de qualquer um de seus atributos pelo Sistema Nervoso Central. Por outro lado, alega-se também a existência de sistemas múltiplos e diversos para a compreensão de cada um desses aspectos da música. De forma geral, independente do modelo definido, estudos focados no processamento dos componentes sonoros, mais especificamente dos tons musicais, podem esclarecer de forma importante o funcionamento básico do sistema auditivo e de outras funções cerebrais superiores. Nesse sentido, uma das abordagens de maior destaque no estudo desses processos sensoriais e perceptivos da audição, ilesos ou alterados, tem sido a Neurociência, que se interessa pela interação entre as áreas do encéfalo correspondentes aos diferentes processos cognitivos. Assim, a finalidade desta pesquisa foi revisar estudos que tratassem dos modelos de processamento dos atributos tonais da música ocidental, baseando-se na concepção neuropsicologicas de que as estruturas neurais são interdependentes das vias sensoriais

Relato de caso acerca da importância das práticas extracurriculares em maternidade de referência para acadêmicos de medicina: Case report about the importance of extracurricular practices in reference maternity for medicine academics

As práticas em Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (G.O) são fundamentais para que os estudantes possam vivenciar as mais variadas patologias do período gestacional e puerperal. Dessa forma, as experiências extracurriculares em outros serviços constituem excelentes oportunidades com vistas ao aprimoramento pessoal e científico em acadêmicos, sobretudo na sala de parto e nas consultas pré-nataisAs práticas em Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (G.O) são fundamentais para que os estudantes possam vivenciar as mais variadas patologias do período gestacional e puerperal. Dessa forma, as experiências extracurriculares em outros serviços constituem excelentes oportunidades com vistas ao aprimoramento pessoal e científico em acadêmicos, sobretudo na sala de parto e nas consultas pré-natai

Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms are challenging to treat with conventional antimicrobial therapies, thus, new anti-infective drugs are required. Objective: This study aimed to test a drug delivery system based on chitosan microparticles loaded with geranium and lemongrass essential oils to inhibit C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms. Methodology: Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CM-EOs) were obtained by spray-drying. Susceptibility of planktonic were performed according CLSI at 4 to 2,048 µg/mL. Mixed biofilms were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and exposed to CM-EOs at 256 to 4,096 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the MTT assay, with biofilm architectural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RAW 264.7 cell was used to evaluate compound cytotoxicity. Results: CM-EOs had better planktonic activity against C. albicans than S. mutans. All samples reduced the metabolic activity of mixed C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, with encapsulated oils showing better activity than raw chitosan or oils. The microparticles reduced the biofilm on the slides. The essential oils showed cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cells, but encapsulation into chitosan microparticles decreased their toxicity. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that chitosan loaded with essential oils may provide an alternative method for treating diseases caused by C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilm, such as dental caries

Mulheres e homens:: Diferentes também na percepção das notas musicais?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of musical notes D, F, and A in young adults. The study included 20 men and 20 women, aged 18 to 29 years, healthy, non-musicians, and non-users of drugs or other toxic substances. Participants did a two-alternative forced choice discrimination test of musical notes, in which they were asked to select the stimulus that was previously presented. The frequency of correct discrimination of the musical notes was compared between both sexes. Statistically significant differences in the musical note F were found. Men had a higher number of hits than women. These results suggest differences in the perception of musical notes by women and men.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção das notas musicais RÉ, FÁ, e LÁ em adultos jovens. Participaram do estudo 20 homens e 20 mulheres de 18 a 29 anos, saudáveis, não músicos e não usuários de fármacos ou outras substâncias tóxicas. Realizou-se um teste de discriminação de notas musicais no qual os participantes escolheram através do método da escolha forçada entre duas alternativas um estímulo de teste, uma nota apresentada ao indivíduo cinco vezes consecutivas antes do início da sessão experimental. Aplicou-se um teste X2 comparando o sexo dos participantes para cada nota, tomando como referência a frequência de acertos na discriminação das mesmas. Os resultados encontrados sugerem diferença na percepção das notas musicais para mulheres e homens. &nbsp

Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

Abstract Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms are challenging to treat with conventional antimicrobial therapies, thus, new anti-infective drugs are required. Objective This study aimed to test a drug delivery system based on chitosan microparticles loaded with geranium and lemongrass essential oils to inhibit C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms. Methodology Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CM-EOs) were obtained by spray-drying. Susceptibility of planktonic were performed according CLSI at 4 to 2,048 µg/mL. Mixed biofilms were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and exposed to CM-EOs at 256 to 4,096 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the MTT assay, with biofilm architectural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RAW 264.7 cell was used to evaluate compound cytotoxicity. Results CM-EOs had better planktonic activity against C. albicans than S. mutans. All samples reduced the metabolic activity of mixed C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, with encapsulated oils showing better activity than raw chitosan or oils. The microparticles reduced the biofilm on the slides. The essential oils showed cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cells, but encapsulation into chitosan microparticles decreased their toxicity. Conclusion This study demonstrates that chitosan loaded with essential oils may provide an alternative method for treating diseases caused by C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilm, such as dental caries

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Taxas de esquecimento em idosos: um estudo através da memória háptica

Memory is a multiple system made by codification subsystems, storage and recovery of information. The rating can be done through the type of stimulus processed - visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory or tactile. Inside the tactile memory is found the subcategory of haptic memory, responsible for the acquisition of information by the active manipulation of objects. The memory subsystems show significant drop with the healthy aging and with distinct effects in its components. It has been found few studies relating long term forgetting for the haptic memory in healthy old people. In this sense, this research had aimed to evaluate the forgetting rates of information processed by the haptic modality in different time spans for remember and recognition memories in a thirty six old people sample, both sex, no cognitive commitment and with reading and writing skills. For that purpose, it was used a specific wooden box for the presentation of the haptic stimuli. The procedure is made of two parts, one study phase (stimuli presentation) and the test phase (remember or recognition tasks), realized after intervals of one, ten or twenty minutes. The Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples showed significant differences between the remember and recognition memory and the time spans analyzed (H = 23,17; gl = 1; p 0,083). These data reveal that the type of test didn't influence in the recovery of the information after twenty minutes, indicating that the loss of the processed information by the haptic modality in old people starts to stabilize beyond this interval, independently from the evocation test. In general, results show few loss of information when it's processed haptically, suggesting that the evocation for longer time spans in this modality cannot be affected by aging.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA memória é um sistema múltiplo constituído por subsistemas de codificação, armazenamento e recuperação de informações. Sua classificação pode ser feita de acordo com o tipo de estímulo processado - visual, auditivo, gustativo, olfativo ou tátil. Dentro da memória tátil, encontra-se a submodalidade de memória háptica, referente a aquisição de informações pela manipulação ativa dos objetos. Os subsistemas da memória apresentam declínio significativo com o envelhecimento saudável, com efeitos diferenciados em seu componentes. Foram encontrados poucos estudos relacionando o esquecimento a longo prazo para a memória háptica em idosos saudáveis. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar as taxas de esquecimento da informação processada na modalidade háptica em diferentes intervalos de tempo para memórias de recordação e reconhecimento em uma amostra de 36 idosos, de ambos os sexos, sem comprometimento cognitivo e com capacidade de leitura e escrita. Para isso, foi utilizada uma caixa de madeira específica para apresentação de estímulos hápticos. O procedimento consistiu em duas fases, uma fase de estudo (apresentação dos estímulos) e outra de teste (tarefas de recordação ou reconhecimento), realizada após os intervalos de 1, 10 ou 20 minutos. O teste para amostras independentes Kruskal-Wallis mostrou diferenças significantes entre a memória de recordação e reconhecimento e os intervalos de tempo analisados (H = 23,17; gl = 1; p 0,0083). Esses dados revelam que o tipo de tarefa não influenciou na recuperação da informação após 20 minutos, indicando que a perda de informações processadas na modalidade háptica em idosos começa se estabilizar a partir deste intervalo, independente da tarefa de evocação. Em resumo, os resultados mostram que ocorre pouca perda da informação quando processada hapticamente, sugerindo que a evocação para intervalos de tempo mais longos nesta modalidade podem não ser afetados pelo envelhecimento