Global study of social odor awareness

Olfaction plays an important role in human social communication, including multiple domains in which people often rely on their sense of smell in the social context. The importance of the sense of smell and its role can however vary inter-individually and culturally. Despite the growing body of literature on differences in olfactory performance or hedonic preferences across the globe, the aspects of a given culture as well as culturally universal individual differences affecting odor awareness in human social life remain unknown. Here, we conducted a large-scale analysis of data collected from 10,794 participants from 52 study sites from 44 countries all over the world. The aim of our research was to explore the potential individual and country-level correlates of odor awareness in the social context. The results show that the individual characteristics were more strongly related than country-level factors to self-reported odor awareness in different social contexts. A model including individual-level predictors (gender, age, material situation, education and preferred social distance) provided a relatively good fit to the data, but adding country-level predictors (Human Development Index, population density and average temperature) did not improve model parameters. Although there were some cross-cultural differences in social odor awareness, the main differentiating role was played by the individual differences. This suggests that people living in different cultures and different climate conditions may still share some similar patterns of odor awareness if they share other individual-level characteristics

Preferred interpersonal distances: a global comparison

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Étude de suspensions concentrées de particules de boehmite anisotropes : diagramme de phase, structre et rhéologie - Application aux procédés de séparation sur membrane

L'amélioration des procédés industriels tels que la filtration de suspensions de colloïdes nécessite une compréhension approfondie de la stabilité colloïdale qui est pilotée par les interactions interparticulaires. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre à la fois dans la cinétique de croissance des dépôts de filtration et dans leur structuration, une double stratégie a été adoptée pour étudier les suspensions de boehmite. Tout d'abord, nous avons réalisé des expériences de filtration frontale et avons mis en évidence une variation non triviale de la perméabilité des gâteaux de filtration en fonction de la force ionique des suspensions de boehmite. En étudiant des suspensions de boehmite concentrées par stress osmotique en combinant des mesures par diffusion centrale des rayons X aux petits angles et de rhéologie, il apparait que la plus faible perméabilité des gâteaux de filtration obtenus à partir de suspensions de force ionique intermédiaire (pour laquelle la double couche de Debye est du même ordre de grandeur avec la longueur des particules) résulterait d’un ordre orientationnel local. Enfin, des expériences de filtration couplées avec des observations en temps réel par microtomographie X ont permis d’enregistrer les profils de concentration en boehemite dans les gâteaux de filtration. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence l’influence de la force ionique sur la forme des profils de concentration. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent les effets combinés des forces interparticulaires, de l'anisotropie et de la dimension des particules sur la structuration des gâteaux de filtration et leurs propriétés de transport.Improving industrial processes such as filtration of colloidal suspensions requires an in depth understanding of colloidal stability that is linked to interparticle interactions. In order to get insight into mechanisms of both deposit kinetics and its structuring with regard to the given bulk solution chemistry, a two-fold strategy has been adopted in the present work to the case of boehmite dispersions. First of all, the influence of salt concentration on the permeability of the filtration deposits obtained by pressure-driven frontal filtration was investigated and revealed a non-trivial evolution. Combining structural (SAXS) and rheological characterization on boehmite dispersions obtained by osmotic stress experiments, it appears that a possible interpretation of such changes can be linked to the interplay between particle anisotropy and Debye length resulting in a characteristic interparticle arrangement that reduces filtration fluxes associated with a more resistant deposit formation. Lastly, the concentration profiles recorded from real-time in situ X-ray radiography tests at a resolution of 40 μm have evidenced distinct changes in shape of concentration gradient depending on ionic strength. A relevant aspect arising from the above results underlies the combined/complex role of particle size, anisotropy and bulk solution chemistry in defining particle transport mechanisms and deposit structuring in the context of optimization of filtration processes

Étude de suspensions concentrées de particules de boehmite anisotropes : diagramme de phase, structre et rhéologie - Application aux procédés de séparation sur membrane

Improving industrial processes such as filtration of colloidal suspensions requires an in depth understanding of colloidal stability that is linked to interparticle interactions. In order to get insight into mechanisms of both deposit kinetics and its structuring with regard to the given bulk solution chemistry, a two-fold strategy has been adopted in the present work to the case of boehmite dispersions. First of all, the influence of salt concentration on the permeability of the filtration deposits obtained by pressure-driven frontal filtration was investigated and revealed a non-trivial evolution. Combining structural (SAXS) and rheological characterization on boehmite dispersions obtained by osmotic stress experiments, it appears that a possible interpretation of such changes can be linked to the interplay between particle anisotropy and Debye length resulting in a characteristic interparticle arrangement that reduces filtration fluxes associated with a more resistant deposit formation. Lastly, the concentration profiles recorded from real-time in situ X-ray radiography tests at a resolution of 40 μm have evidenced distinct changes in shape of concentration gradient depending on ionic strength. A relevant aspect arising from the above results underlies the combined/complex role of particle size, anisotropy and bulk solution chemistry in defining particle transport mechanisms and deposit structuring in the context of optimization of filtration processes.L'amélioration des procédés industriels tels que la filtration de suspensions de colloïdes nécessite une compréhension approfondie de la stabilité colloïdale qui est pilotée par les interactions interparticulaires. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre à la fois dans la cinétique de croissance des dépôts de filtration et dans leur structuration, une double stratégie a été adoptée pour étudier les suspensions de boehmite. Tout d'abord, nous avons réalisé des expériences de filtration frontale et avons mis en évidence une variation non triviale de la perméabilité des gâteaux de filtration en fonction de la force ionique des suspensions de boehmite. En étudiant des suspensions de boehmite concentrées par stress osmotique en combinant des mesures par diffusion centrale des rayons X aux petits angles et de rhéologie, il apparait que la plus faible perméabilité des gâteaux de filtration obtenus à partir de suspensions de force ionique intermédiaire (pour laquelle la double couche de Debye est du même ordre de grandeur avec la longueur des particules) résulterait d’un ordre orientationnel local. Enfin, des expériences de filtration couplées avec des observations en temps réel par microtomographie X ont permis d’enregistrer les profils de concentration en boehemite dans les gâteaux de filtration. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence l’influence de la force ionique sur la forme des profils de concentration. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent les effets combinés des forces interparticulaires, de l'anisotropie et de la dimension des particules sur la structuration des gâteaux de filtration et leurs propriétés de transport

Influence of Polymer Matrix Chemical Nature and Molding Technology on the Quality of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Parts

The experimental research results of porosity, interlayer shear strength and flexural modulus of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) depending on the chemical composition of the binder and molding technology are presented. The standard vacuum infusion technology and its two modifications differing in vacuum bag assembling order and initial material are applied. The best characteristics of CFRP are achieved with the improved technology №2 using two vacuum bags. The differences between two compounds with various hardener chemical nature are compared. Optimal characteristics are obtained by using compound with diaminodiphenylsulfone hardener

Simple Route to Increase Electrical Conductivity and Optical Transmittance in Graphene/Silver Nanoparticles Hybrid Suspensions

Electrical and optical properties of graphene/silver nanoparticles hybrid suspensions intended for use in inkjet printing technologies were studied. Few-layered graphene particles were manufactured via a direct ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation route in water/surfactant system, whereas silver nanoparticles were synthetized using a polyol process. Hybrid suspensions for graphene/silver nanoparticles mixtures showed significant reduction in mean particle size while electrical conductivity remained almost intact even after thorough centrifugation. Structuring effects in mixed colloids were very pronounced as both electrical conductivity and optical transmission showed maxima at 65 wt.% graphene. Suspensions with conductivities above 300 μSm/cm, much higher than previously reported, were obtained, and resulted in the manufacturing of films with less than 10% optical absorption throughout the visible region. These samples did not demonstrate absorption peaks attributed to silver nanoparticles’ surface plasmon resonance, which is suitable for transparent electrode applications. Suspension properties at optimal composition (65 wt.% graphene) are very promising for printed electronics as well as transparent conductive coating applications. In the paper, we establish that the optimal suspension composition matches that of the film; therefore, more attention should be paid to carefully studying electrically conductive suspensions

Simple Route to Increase Electrical Conductivity and Optical Transmittance in Graphene/Silver Nanoparticles Hybrid Suspensions

Electrical and optical properties of graphene/silver nanoparticles hybrid suspensions intended for use in inkjet printing technologies were studied. Few-layered graphene particles were manufactured via a direct ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation route in water/surfactant system, whereas silver nanoparticles were synthetized using a polyol process. Hybrid suspensions for graphene/silver nanoparticles mixtures showed significant reduction in mean particle size while electrical conductivity remained almost intact even after thorough centrifugation. Structuring effects in mixed colloids were very pronounced as both electrical conductivity and optical transmission showed maxima at 65 wt.% graphene. Suspensions with conductivities above 300 μSm/cm, much higher than previously reported, were obtained, and resulted in the manufacturing of films with less than 10% optical absorption throughout the visible region. These samples did not demonstrate absorption peaks attributed to silver nanoparticles’ surface plasmon resonance, which is suitable for transparent electrode applications. Suspension properties at optimal composition (65 wt.% graphene) are very promising for printed electronics as well as transparent conductive coating applications. In the paper, we establish that the optimal suspension composition matches that of the film; therefore, more attention should be paid to carefully studying electrically conductive suspensions

Built environment profiles for Latin American urban settings: The SALURBAL study

10.1371/journal.pone.0257528PLoS ONE1610 Octobere025752

Latin American cities with higher socioeconomic status are greening from a lower baseline: Evidence from the SALURBAL project

10.1088/1748-9326/ac2a63Environmental Research Letters161010405