Propuesta de aprendizaje en línea para estudiantes de undécimo año de los Colegios Técnicos Profesionales de la Región Huetar Norte

Seminario de Graduación (Maestría en Educación Técnica) Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Educación Técnica, 2016.This research project is aimed to design an online didactic resource using a Moodle platform contextualized to a young group of students to reinforce the Business Management Unit contents, which students from eleventh grader and teachers from Technical High Schools have agreed that are some of the most complicated topics to study. Data will is collected through questionnaires applied to learners and teachers to find out the most relevant aspects, such as: the Business Management Unit contents which students have been presented difficulties to understand and apply, also the didactic resources teacher use the most when working with these topics, how relaxed students are when working with Information and Communication Technologies, their daily lives and learning process. Recommendations from an experienced e-Learning processes group of teachers have been taken into account, their insights and knowledge have been used in order to create learning objects to motivate students and promote a more meaningful process outside the classroom.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo general diseñar un recurso didáctico en línea a través de la plataforma Moodle contextualizada a la población joven, para reforzar los contenidos de la Unidad de Gestión Empresarial, que según los estudiantes de undécimo año y docentes de Colegios Técnicos Profesionales de la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica presentan mayores dificultades. A través de cuestionarios se recolecta información, tanto a discentes como a docentes para indagar aspectos relevantes, tales como: los contenidos de la Unidad de Gestión Empresarial con mayores dificultades de asimilación, aspectos sobre los recursos didácticos que utilizan con mayor frecuencia los docentes, grado de relación de los sujetos en estudio con las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, en su vida cotidiana y en procesos de aprendizaje. También se toman en cuenta las recomendaciones de un grupo de docentes que han acumulado experiencia en procesos e-Learning, valorando sus aportes para crear objetos de aprendizaje que llamen la atención de los adolescentes y que estimulen un aprendizaje más significativo fuera de las aulas

Prospects for Agricultural Markets and Income in the EU 2012-2022

The outlook presented herein consists of a set of market and sector income prospects elaborated on the basis of specific assumptions regarding macroeconomic conditions, the agricultural and trade policy environment, weather conditions and international market developments. As in previous years, these are not intended to constitute a forecast of what the future will hold, rather they describe what may happen under a specific set of assumptions and circumstances, which at the time of projections were judged plausible. Thus, they should be seen as an analytical tool for medium term market and policy issues, not as a forecasting tool for monitoring short term market developments. These projections and analyses have been carried out on the basis of economic models available in the European Commission (at the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development and in the Joint Research Centre – Institute for Perspective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS)). This report is based on the information available at the end of September 2012, except for macroeconomic assumptions, which are from November 2012. The changes in legislation proposed or adopted since that date have not been taken into account. Moreover the projections do not take account of any potential outcome of ongoing bilateral/regional/multilateral trade negotiations. The analysis covers the period between 2012 and 2022.JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Econom

ERTRAGS- UND PREISINSTABILITÄT AUF AGRARMÄRKTEN IN DEUTSCHLAND UND DER EU

Agrarpolitik, Preisvolatilität, Ertragsschwankungen, Unsichereit, Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade,

Stochastic market modeling with Gaussian Quadratures: Do rotations of Stroud's octahedron matter?

Recently, stochastic applications of large-scale applied simulation models of agricultural markets have become more frequent. However, stochastic modeling with large market models comes with high computational and management costs for data storage, analysis and manipulation. Gaussian Quadratures (GQ), are efficient sampling methods requiring few points to approximate the central moments of the joint probability distribution of stochastic variables and therefore reduce computational costs. For symmetric regions of integration, the vertices of Stroud's n-octahedron (Stroud, 1957) are GQ formulas of degree 3 with a minimal number of points which can make the stochastic modeling with large economic models manageable. However, we have the conjecture that rotations of Stroud's n-octahedron have an effect on the accuracy of approximation of model results; thus, we test eight different rotations using the European Simulation Model (ESIM). It was found that the 45° rotation yields higher accuracy than the 0° rotation. With the 45° rotation and in models with large regions or variables which strongly determine the outcome of model results such as soft wheat in ESIM, the arrangement of the stochastic variables (A1 or A2) in the covariance matrix or the selected method to introduce correlation (via the Cholesky decomposition –C– or via the diagonalization method –D–) may have a significant effect on the accuracy of the quadratures. With the 45° rotation and with markets where the effect of the different regions or variables on model outcomes are more homogenous as in the case of rapeseed in ESIM, the selection of the arrangements A1 or A2 and the method of introducing correlation C or D may not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the quadratures.Peer Reviewe

The role of the Eurasian wheat belt to regional and global food security

Food security remains to be a major societal concern. In the light of the current expectations of population growth, world food production has to be massively increased to sustain the associated food demand rise. While agricultural productivity was rising during recent decades in the US, Europe and also in some developing countries, the corresponding growth rates lately appeared to be slowing down. In fact, the only world region with a significant amount of arable land, which currently is not under cultivation and which at the same time is, moreover, experiencing rising productivity figures, is the so called 'Eurasian wheat belt', comprising of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Central Asian countries, namely Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kirgizstan. In this light, the Joint Research Centre and the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development organized a thematic workshop, held during 20 – 22 May 2014 in Istanbul/Turkey, set up to bring experts on the matter together and to discuss to what extent these countries could play a role for regional and international food security. Following the workshop analysis and discussion, this report provides a comprehensive technical overview of the wheat production, and the main factors to achieve full production potential across the Eurasian wheat belt with regards to national, regional and global issues of cereal supply and food security in evolving global markets. It reviews key horizontal issues, such as land policy, credit and finance, privatization, farm structures, social consequences of transition, environmental challenges, against the backdrop of agrarian reforms implemented during the transition period. In addition the report explores production potential and corresponding institutional and policy restrictions in a series of Eurasian countries. Finally, the report closes with expert opined policy-relevant conclusions as a basis for policy suggestions and recommendations.JRC.J.4-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Econom

Informe de la expedición científica UCR-UNA-COCO-VI

El proyecto “Interacción océano-atmósfera y la biodiversidad marina del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica” es financiado por el Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE). Del 6 al 14 de julio del 2012, un grupo de científicos del Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) de la Universidad de Costa Rica, y del Servicio Regional de Información Oceanográfica (SERIO)de la Universidad Nacional realizaron la Expedición UCR-UNA-COCO-VI. Para esta expedición se utilizó el barco B/I Undersea Hunter, con un excelente apoyo de la tripulación. Con esta expedición se continúa con la fase oceanográfica de este nuevo proyecto de investigación en la Zona económica Exclusiva de Costa Rica y los alrededores del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco. El estudio se llevó a cabo a lo largo de tres transeptos en la dirección norte-sur centrados en la Isla del Coco, con una longitud de 160 mn cada uno, y en los cuales se ubicaron 26 estaciones de muestreo.CONARE, UCR, UNAUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

Stochastic multi-market modeling with "efficient quadratures"

Stochastische Anwendungen von großen Simulationsmodellen des Agrarsektors werden immer häufiger. Allerdings ist die stochastische Modellierung mit großen Marktmodellen rechenintensiv und mit hohen Kosten für Datenabspeicherung, -analyse und -manipulation verbunden. Gausssche Quadraturen sind effiziente Stichprobenmethoden, die wenige Punkte für die Approximation der zentralen Momente von gemeinsamen Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen brauchen und somit die Kosten der Datenmanipulation senken. Für symmetrische Integrationsräume sind die Ecken des Oktaeder von Stroud (Stroud 1957) Formeln dritten Grades mit minimaler Anzahl von Punkten, die die stochastische Modellierung mit großen Modellen handhabbar machen kann. Es gibt trotzdem die Vermutung, dass Rotationen von Stroud''s Oktaeder einen Einfluss auf die Exaktheit der Quadraturen haben könnten; daher werden in dieser Studie acht unterschiedliche Rotationen (Quadraturformeln) getestet. Es zeigte sich, dass der Gebrauch der Formel von Artavia et al. (2009) oder der von Arndt (1996) bei der Generierung der Quadraturen entscheidend ist, und dass die Formel von Arndt einen höheren Exaktheitsgrad ergibt. Mit der Rotation, die sich aus der Formel von Arndt ergibt und Modellen oder Märkten mit starken Asymmetrien wie der Weizenmarkt in ESIM, könnten die Reihenfolge der stochastischen Variablen in der Kovarianz Matrix (A1 oder A2) oder die Methoden zur Einführung der Kovarianz Matrix (via Cholesky-Zerlegung –C– oder via die Diagonalisierungsmethode –D– ) einen bedeutsamen Einfluss auf die Exaktheit der Quadraturen haben. Mit Arndt''s Formel und weniger asymmetrischen Modellen oder Märkten, wie der Fall von Raps in ESIM, haben die Reihenfolgen A1 und A2 oder die Methoden zur Einführung der Kovarianz Matrix C und D weniger Einfluss auf die Exaktheit der Quadraturen.Recently, stochastic applications of large-scale applied simulation models of agricultural markets have become more common. However, stochastic modeling with large market models incurs high computational and management costs for data storage, analysis and manipulation. Gaussian Quadratures (GQ) are efficient sampling methods requiring few points to approximate the central moments of the joint probability distribution of stochastic variables, and therefore reduce computational costs. For symmetric regions of integration, the vertices of Stroud''s n-octahedron (Stroud 1957) are formulas of degree 3 with minimal number of points, which can make the stochastic modeling with large economic models manageable. However, the conjecture exists that rotations of Stroud''s n-octahedron may have an effect on the accuracy of approximation of the model results. To address this, eight different rotations (quadrature formulas) were tested using the European Simulation Model (ESIM). It was found that using the formulas from Artavia et al. (2009) or Arndt (1996) in the generation of the quadratures is crucial, and furthermore, that the formula from Arndt yields higher accuracy. With the rotation obtained with Arndt''s formula and in models or markets with high asymmetries, as is the case for soft wheat in ESIM, the arrangement of the stochastic variables (A1 or A2) in the covariance matrix or the method selected to induce the covariance matrix (via Cholesky decomposition – C – or via the diagonalization method – D – ) may have a significant effect on the accuracy of the quadratures. With Arndt''s formula and with less asymmetric markets, as is the case for rapeseed in ESIM, the selection of arrangements A1 or A2 and of the method to induce the covariance C or D might not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the quadratures

What does the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2017-2026 imply for income distribution in the Sudan and Ethiopia

The OECD and FAO provide growth paths (projections over a period of 10 years) for the agricultural sectors of different countries in their joint OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook. This study assesses the implication of the projected agricultural growth paths for the Sudan and Ethiopia on the structures of the economies and the distribution of incomes among the different household groups in the two countries. First, single country, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) models for the two countries were calibrated to the most recent social accounting matrices (SAMs) of the two countries. Second, a baseline scenario for each country was developed until 2026. These projections were based on GDP projections (value, growth rates and composition) developed by the IMF World Economic Outlook, the World Bank World Development Indicators and the national statistical offices in the two countries. Third, the growth paths of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook were implemented for the agricultural sectors of the two countries while preserving the aggregate GDP projections. Finally, results of the models under the OEDC-FAO growth paths are reported with a special focus on the distribution of income in the two countries. The main findings highlight that, in both countries, agricultural growth is significantly behind that of industry and services. Due to the slower growth, returns to factors of production (e.g. labor and capital) employed in agriculture are much lower than to those employed in the other economic sectors. Unless sensible interventions are made, poor agricultural households will be particularly worse-off within these two countries. Therefore, economic and agricultural policies in these two countries should pay more attention to agricultural sector growth (productivity) within their poverty reduction/eradication efforts

Estilos de apego en mujeres que permanecieron expuestas a situaciones de violencia en sus relaciones de noviazgo durante la adolescencia tardía

Tesis (licenciatura en psicología)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Psicologí

Correlated Order Three Gaussian Quadratures in Stochastic Simulation Modelling

A simple approach to generate correlated order three Gaussian quadratures is presented. It is shown how for stochastic simulation modelling purposes the integration over the ncube as suggested in Stroud (1957) is not necessary and thus, a simpler integration formula is given. The theory of inducing a desired covariance matrix is presented and three possibilities to do so are demonstrated. The approach described is implemented in a stochastic version of the European Simulation Model (ESIM) which includes 42 correlated stochastic terms in the yield functions. Model results are presented to validate the proposed approach compared to a Monte Carlo based approach as well as to demonstrate the relevance of stochastic simulation modelling