Dyskryminacja w szachach? - problem nierównego traktowania kobiet i mężczyzn w świetle przepisów Konstytucji RP

At the highest level of chess, there are very large disparities between men and women chess players. The best female chess player is ranked 98st in the world. However, there are only 8 women among the top 500 players. As a result, FIDE and national chess federations created two systems — one open for all players regardless of gender and the other, which is designated only for women. The paper presents examples of differentiations the status of professional female and male chess players. The author answers the questions, whether such a separation is acceptable in the light of the constitutional principle of equality between men and women and whether it is not a sign of gender discrimination. It is necessary in this regard to analyse the reasons for different playing strength of male and female players. The author presented and discussed the fundamental reasons justifying the different strength of playing and concluded that they have a relevant character.Na najwyższym poziomie szachowym istnieją bardzo duże dysproporcje pomiędzy kobietami i mężczyznami grającymi w szachy. Najlepsza szachistka uplasowana jest na 98 miejscu światowego rankingu. Natomiast wśród 500 najlepszych zawodników znajduje się zaledwie 8 kobiet. W konsekwencji FIDE oraz krajowe federacje szachowe stworzyły dwa systemy rozgrywek jeden otwarty - przeznaczony dla wszystkich graczy niezależnie od płci i drugi przeznaczony wyłącznie dla kobiet. W opracowaniu przedstawione są przykłady rozróżnienia statusu wyczynowych szachistek oraz szachistów. Autor udziela odpowiedzi na pytania, czy takie rozdzielenie jest dopuszczalne w świetle konstytucyjnej zasady równości mężczyzn i kobiet oraz czy przypadkiem nie stanowi ono przejawu dyskryminacji ze względu na płeć. Konieczne w tym zakresie okazały się analiza przyczyn różnej siły gry zawodników i zawodniczek oraz stwierdzenie, czy stanowią one wystarczające uzasadnienie dla rozdzielenia statusu profesjonalnych szachistów i szachistek. Autor przedstawił i omówił zasadnicze przyczyny uzasadniające różną siłę gry i w konkluzjach stwierdził, że mają one relewantny charakter

The Influence of Human-induced Erosion on the Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Vineyards of Fordon Valley

The aim of this paper has been to define the influence of accelerated erosion on basic properties and the SOM stocks of soils within vineyards located on western slopes of the Lower Vistula Valley. The study was conducted within four vineyards situated 30 km north-east from Bydgoszcz. During the field work 44 auger holes were made. On the basis of results of drilling, eight places for soil pits were selected. The study sites were characterised by considerable diversity of soil cover. The SOM stocks in studied profiles ranged from 2,98 to 63,9 kg m-2. The upper parts of the Lower Vistula Valley slopes were dominated by Luvisols developed from glacial tills. Pedons located in toe and foot slope positions represented Chernozems and Phaeozems developed from layered fluvial sediments. The translocation of soil was caused by accelerated erosion that heightened differentiation in the primeval SOM stocks. Although, the Luvisols were truncated in result of accelerated erosion, they were not significantly depleted in organic matter stocks. Most Chernozems and Phaeozems located in toe and foot slope positions were enhanced in SOM stocks due to accumulation of humus colluvial material on their surface. The short period of existence of vineyards makes it impossible to determine the impact of grass roots decay on carbon content in surface soil horizons between rows of vine

Combined phase diagram modelling and quartz-in-garnet barometry of HP metapelites from the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt (NE Bohemian Massif)

The Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt belongs to the Variscan Belt of Europe as the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. It comprises a supracrustal succession dominated by micaschists that has not been yet recognized as a high-P, low-T (HP–LT) metamorphic unit. Our work demonstrates the significance of metapelites in the study of HP metamorphism of the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. To reconstruct the P–T history of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt, we have investigated three samples using independent geothermobarometric techniques including phase diagram modelling, Si4+ content in white mica and quartz-in-garnet elastic barometry. Two samples contain mineral assemblages bearing a record of HP metamorphism followed by an LP event. The oldest assemblage is mostly preserved in the first generation of garnet and it comprises phengitic white mica and rutile. In one of the investigated samples, we also recognized chloritoid and inferred pseudomorphs after lawsonite composed of quartz, clinozoisite associated with margarite. The third of the investigated samples is strongly retrogressed and only contains the relics of phengitic white mica. All three samples contain a younger mineral assemblage comprising white mica with low Si4+ content and ilmenite. Mineral equilibria modelling indicates the P–T conditions of the HP event culminated at ~15.5–18 kbar and ~470–570℃, while the LP episode occurred at ~5–7 kbar and ~530–570℃. The Raman shift measured in quartz inclusions in garnet in samples with a well-preserved record of the HP stage points to their entrapment at pressures between 11 and 16 kbar. The quartz inclusions within the strongly retrogressed micaschist sample exhibit Raman shifts corresponding to the LP episode at ~5–8 kbar. Discrepant results obtained for one of the samples are discussed in detail. Our investigations show that the supracrustal succession of the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt contains a record of HP–LT metamorphism typical for subduction systems. A recently established tectonic model for the crystalline complexes exposed in the Bohemian Massif suggests that they were formed via the collision of the Saxothuringian, Teplá–Barrandian, and Brunovistulian domains. Therefore, we interpret the Kamieniec Metamorphic Belt as representing fragments of the Saxothuringian crust that experienced cold extrusion from below the Teplá–Barrandian domain in front of the rigid Brunovistulian indenter

Socio-Spatial Segregation and the Spatial Structure of ‘Ordinary’ Activities in the Global South

Planning practice in the Global South often defines a border between formal and informal developments ignoring the complex and nuanced reality of urban practices and, consequently, worsening segregation. This article proposes an alternative view of socio-spatial segregation that shifts the distinction between formal/informal towards one that emphasises access to opportunities and their relationship with the spatial structure of the city. Under this alternative framework, applied to the case of the Valle Amauta neighbourhood in Lima, Peru, we reflect on how socio-economic activities, shaped by spatial conditions and social practices, increase or reduce socio-spatial segregation. Our findings suggest that a shift towards strategies aimed at increasing accessibility to centrality, provided by the density of social and economic activities, could offer new opportunities for planning practice and theory in the Global South

Analysis of Matchmaking Optimization Systems Potential in Mobile eSports

Matchmaking systems are one of the core features of experience in online gaming. They influence player satisfaction, engagement, and churn risk. The paper looks into the current state of the theoretical and practical implementation of such systems in the mobile gaming industry. We propose a basic classification of matchmaking systems into random and quasi-random, skill-based, role-based, technical factor-based, and engagement based. We also offer an analysis of matchmaking systems in 16 leading mobile Esport games. The dominant industry solution is skill and rank based systems with a different level of skill depth measurement. In the further part of the paper, we present a theoretical model of engagement and a time-optimized model

Nervous System of Periplaneta americana Cockroach as a Model in Toxinological Studies: A Short Historical and Actual View

Nervous system of Periplaneta americana cockroach is used in a wide range of pharmacological studies, including electrophysiological techniques. This paper presents its role as a preparation in the development of toxinological studies in the following electrophysiological methods: double-oil-gap technique on isolated giant axon, patch-clamp on DUM (dorsal unpaired median) neurons, microelectrode technique in situ conditions on axon in connective and DUM neurons in ganglion, and single-fiber oil-gap technique on last abdominal ganglion synapse. At the end the application of cockroach synaptosomal preparation is mentioned

Circling the square: Governance of the circular economy transition in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area

Circular economy (CE), the new ‘buzzword’ in urban and regional studies and policy debates, is about shifting from a linear production process towards a circular one in which the generation of waste is minimised, materials circulate in ‘closed loops’, and waste is not considered a burden but rather a resource that brings new economic opportunities. However, while there is a consensus on the need to facilitate a transition towards a circular economy, the governing of this endeavour remains extremely challenging because making a circular economy work requires cutting across sectoral, scalar, and administrative boundaries. Drawing on the sustainability transitions literature and the case of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, arguably one of the frontrunners on the strive towards a circular built environment and economy, the paper seeks to identify and understand barriers for CE transition at a regional scale. The findings underscore the multi-faceted nature of the challenge and offer lessons for the governance of emerging regional circular spatial-economic policies

ZINTEGROWANY PROCES DECYZYJNY UWZGLĘDNIAJĄCY RYZYKO W PRZEMYŚLE JĄDROWYM

The regulatory body, established to ensure safety of nuclear facilities, is expected to make right decisions and provide appropriate regulations for the nuclear industry. The traditional manner of its activity has been based on a deterministic approach to safety analyses. However, increased maturity of Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) makes it complementary to deterministic studies. The new IAEA concept, described in this article, is to apply an integrated approach by combining both deterministic and probabilistic insights with other requirements affecting the decision making process.Organ regulacyjny, powołany w celu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jądrowego, jest odpowiedzialny za podejmowanie decyzji i wprowadzanie rozporządzeń dla przemysłu jądrowego. Tradycyjny sposób jego funkcjonowania opiera się na deterministycznym podejściu do analiz bezpieczeństwa. Rozwój analiz probabilistycznych (PSA) sprawia jednak, iż są one traktowane jako podejście komplementarne. Nowa koncepcja IAEA, opisana w tym artykule, polega na zintegrowanym podejściu, uwzględniającym analizy deterministyczne, probabilistyczne i inne aspekty procesu decyzyjnego

Rola internetu w rozwoju kompetencji młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej

Artykuł z numeru 3/2012 internetowego czasopisma edukacyjnego ORE "Trendy