Lublin University of Technology Journals
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    Comprehensive material activation of concrete structures

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    The investigation focuses on improving the mechanical properties of concrete by optimising its structural organisation through external activation using a modified electromagnetic field and internal activation with carefully selected fillers. The effectiveness of activating cement composites with fractal-matrix resonators has been demonstrated. The research examines the impact of both external and internal activation on structural changes, mechanical property indices, and the damage resistance of cement composites and concretes. It has been shown that comprehensive activation enables the control of binder setting time and concrete elasticity modulus while reducing the initial volumetric deformations of hardening systems. Additionally, it enhances crack resistance and increases concrete strength. Activation reduces initial volumetric deformations and thermal changes during hardening by 1.5-2 times, shortens the setting time by 30-90 minutes without affecting the final setting time, decreases specimen damage by up to 20%, and improves compressive strength by up to 20%. Furthermore, activation allows for precise regulation of the initial setting time within a range of 15 to 210 minutes and reduces the final setting time by 15 to 90 minutes, lowering damage from technological defects by up to 10% and increasing flexural strength by up to 40%. The increase in crack resistance and concrete strength is achieved through the internal and external introduction of optimal fillers, carefully selected based on their specific surface area and quantity, along with the application of fractal-matrix resonators

    Problems of introducing the betterment levy

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    Every individual expects their state to ensure internal security and promote both economic and social development, providing better living standards and access to material goods while striving to reach the social standard of living of other countries. The state treasury and local government units are responsible for the development and modernisation of municipalities. Municipalities deliver various social and economic goods to their residents by performing numerous tasks and activities that require monetary outlay, all while improving quality of life. In light of this, decisions are made to adopt resolutions aimed at obtaining public funds for further development. One way for municipalities to secure additional public funds for public purposes is by introducing a resolution for a betterment levy, which addresses the increase in real estate value following subdivision. Allowing municipalities to benefit from the increase in real estate value caused by its division can create a significant financial base for them. This paper attempts to present the functioning of the betterment levy institution regarding real estate division, along with statistical data on its occurrence. To this end, information obtained during research in six districts of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, encompassing a total of fifty communes, was compiled. The research primarily involved determining the number of municipalities that adopted a resolution on the betterment levy, identifying the percentage rate of the levy they adopted, and examining the number of issued decisions regarding the imposition of the betterment levy over a five-year period (2015-2019) in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

    Developing an integrated cadastre model of land and real estate in a single setting in Ukraine: key aspects and problems

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    Many countries around the world have faced the challenge of creating 3D registrations within existing cadastral registries, which were designed to record the legal status of two-dimensional parcels. The key aspect of the 3D cadastre is the integration of 3D objects and land parcels within a single framework. This integration enables the determination of a 3D object's location relative to the surface level and specific areas on the surface. This article examines the main challenges and key aspects of developing one of the conceptual models of a 3D cadastre – an integrated model combining the 2D cadastre of land parcels with 3D real estate objects within a unified system (the so-called hybrid 3D cadastre model). The authors outline the major directions and prospects for the development of such a model. The introduction of a hybrid 3D cadastre model, as an intermediate stage in the transition to a fully developed 3D cadastre, is expected to facilitate the integration of Ukraine’s existing State Land Cadastre and registration system into European and global cadastral systems.3D cadastre, hybrid 3D cadastre, integrated model, land parcels, real estate objects

    Performance comparison of development frameworks in selected environments in REST API architecture

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    This paper presents a performance comparison of five popular REST API frameworks: ASP.NET, Spring Boot, Express.js, Laravel and Django REST Framework. The analysis took into account response times, resource consumption, Docker image sizes and code complexity. ASP.NET showed the shortest response times and smallest images, Express.js stood out for its stable resource management, while Django and Laravel, although less efficient, featured by compact code. Spring Boot, on the other hand, showed similar, though slightly worse, efficiency compared to ASP.NET. The results underscore the importance of matching the platform to specific project requirements

    A comparative analysis of web application test automation tools

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    The aim of this study was to compare three web application test automation tools: Playwright, Cypress and Selenium. The comparative analysis was carried out using an empirical study, which consisted of executing test scenarios and reviewing the documentation of the tested tools. The following measures were used as criteria for comparison: average test execution time, average percentage CPU usage, average percentage RAM usage. Based on the results obtained and their analysis, it was concluded that Playwright has shown higher effectiveness and flexibility in most test cases

    Rola polityki szczytów emisji i neutralności węglowej w transformacji i modernizacji chińskiego sektora produkcyjnego: droga do zielonego, niskoemisyjnego i zrównoważonego rozwoju

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    The level of development within the manufacturing sector serves as a vital indicator of a nation's overall strength and international competitiveness. The implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality policies is instrumental in expediting the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries. This paper investigates the effects and underlying mechanisms of this policy on the manufacturing sector's evolution, emphasizing green, low-carbon, and sustainable growth. Utilizing econometric methods such as progressive difference-in-difference, mediation, and moderation analysis, our empirical findings reveal several key insights: First, the positive coefficient associated with the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality policies indicates a significant stimulatory effect on the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing enterprises, a conclusion that persists through various robustness tests. Second, green technology innovation emerges as a vital mediating factor in this positive relationship, while the level of policy attention and the classification of enterprises as heavily polluting serve as influential moderating variables. This research contributes valuable insights for enhancing the implementation of carbon-related policies, fostering an experiential foundation for future initiatives, and guiding manufacturing enterprises in their pursuit of effective transformation and upgrading.Poziom rozwoju w sektorze wytwórczym jest istotnym wskaźnikiem ogólnej siły Chin i międzynarodowej konkurencyjności. Wdrożenie polityki szczytu emisji dwutlenku węgla i neutralności węglowej jest instrumentalne w przyspieszaniu transformacji i modernizacji przemysłu wytwórczego. W niniejszym artykule zbadano skutki i mechanizmy leżące u podstaw tej polityki w zakresie ewolucji sektora wytwórczego, kładąc nacisk na zielony, niskoemisyjny i zrównoważony rozwój. Wykorzystując metody ekonometryczne, takie jak progresywna analiza różnicy w różnicy, mediacja i moderacja, nasze ustalenia empiryczne ujawniają kilka kluczowych spostrzeżeń: Po pierwsze, dodatni współczynnik związany z polityką szczytu emisji dwutlenku węgla i neutralności węglowej wskazuje na znaczący efekt stymulujący na transformację i modernizację przedsiębiorstw wytwórczych, wniosek, który utrzymuje się w różnych testach solidności. Po drugie, innowacja w zakresie zielonych technologii wyłania się jako istotny czynnik pośredniczący w tej pozytywnej relacji, podczas gdy poziom uwagi polityki i klasyfikacja przedsiębiorstw jako silnie zanieczyszczających służą jako wpływowe zmienne moderujące. Badania te dostarczają cennych informacji na temat usprawnienia wdrażania polityk związanych z emisją dwutlenku węgla, tworzenia empirycznych podstaw dla przyszłych inicjatyw oraz udzielania wskazówek przedsiębiorstwom produkcyjnym w procesie skutecznej transformacji i modernizacji

    Aparat matematyczny do znajdowania optymalnej konfiguracji bezpiecznej sieci komunikacyjnej z określoną liczbą abonentów

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    Information flows in the world are growing very quickly. The exchange of information is growing rapidly. In connection with this fact, the existing mathematical apparatus and its practical application are constantly developing. The scientific and mathematical apparatus is aimed at finding the optimal configuration of the information communication network, solving the problem of building protected channels for the transmission of a large amount of data. A scientific task arises to develop a new and improve the existing mathematical apparatus for finding the optimal configuration of a protected communication network with a given number of subscribers. This scientific work is dedicated to the solution of this urgent task. The paper formulated and proved four Lemmas. The formulation of the Lemma made it possible to prove two new theorems that allow solving the task of finding the optimal configuration of a protected communication network with a given number of subscribers. Solutions to both partial and general tasks of the process of optimization and protection of transmission channels of a large amount of data are provided. Thus, the paper proposes a solution to the scientific task of finding the optimal configuration of a protected communication network with a given number of subscribers. The direction of further research may be the development of a software implementation of the given mathematical apparatus.Przepływ informacji na świecie rośnie bardzo szybko. Wymiana informacji szybko rośnie. W związku z tym istniejący aparat matematyczny i jego praktyczne zastosowanie stale się rozwijają. Aparat naukowo-matematyczny ma na celu znalezienie optymalnej konfiguracji sieci teleinformatycznej, rozwiązując problem budowy chronionych kanałów do transmisji dużej ilości danych. Powstaje zadanie naukowe polegające na opracowaniu nowego i udoskonaleniu istniejącego aparatu matematycznego do znajdowania optymalnej konfiguracji chronionej sieci komunikacyjnej przy zadanej liczbie abonentów. Niniejsza praca naukowa poświęcona jest rozwiązaniu tego pilnego zadania. W artykule sformułowano i udowodniono cztery lematy. Sformułowanie lematu umożliwiło udowodnienie dwóch nowych twierdzeń, które pozwalają rozwiązać zadanie znalezienia optymalnej konfiguracji chronionej sieci komunikacyjnej przy zadanej liczbie abonentów. Przedstawiono rozwiązania zarówno częściowych, jak i ogólnych zadań procesu optymalizacji i ochrony kanałów transmisji dużej ilości danych. W artykule zaproponowano zatem rozwiązanie naukowego zadania znalezienia optymalnej konfiguracji chronionej sieci komunikacyjnej przy zadanej liczbie abonentów. Kierunkiem dalszych badań może być opracowanie programowej implementacji zadanego aparatu matematycznego

    Strength and rheology of cement mortars incorporating quarry and commercial limestone filler

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    Clarifying the contrasting effects of limestone fillers in cement-based materials is crucial for the sustainable valorisation of quarry by-products. This study investigates the influence of three limestone fillers – quarry limestone dust (2985 cm²/g), commercial limestone filler (4690 cm²/g), and laboratory-ground limestone powder (4073 cm²/g) – on the rheological and mechanical properties of cement mortar. Two substitution strategies were considered: replacing sand (0–20%) with quarry limestone dust and laboratory-ground powder, and replacing cement (0–30%) with commercial filler. Quarry dust substitution reduces workability with little effect on strength, but washing and superplasticiser restore consistency. In contrast, cement replacement with commercial filler improves workability but decreases strength. Laboratory-ground limestone powder from washed sand, with finer particles and higher purity confirmed by XRD and FTIR, exhibited a nucleation effect and increased strength by 32.7% at 7 days. These results demonstrate that the impact of limestone fillers is governed by their origin, fineness, and substitution route, offering insights for optimising mortar formulation and enabling efficient utilisation of quarry by-products without compromising performance

    Natural and hybrid lighting effects on architecture students' creativity: a case study in Mostaganem

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    Lighting is a critical factor influencing creativity and productivity in educational environments, particularly for architecture students, whose work demands both technical precision and imaginative exploration. This study investigates the impact of architectural design and lighting conditions on creativity within eight drawing workshops at the Department of Architecture, Mostaganem, Algeria. The methodology combined architectural surveys to document spatial characteristics, photometric measurements to objectively assess natural and hybrid lighting quality, and the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) to evaluate students’ creative performance. Findings revealed significant disparities in lighting conditions across the workshops, with Workshop 2 exhibiting optimal illumination and Workshop 4 demonstrating critically insufficient levels. Improved lighting conditions were shown to significantly enhance creativity in geometric tasks, particularly in fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. However, for figural tasks requiring complex representational skills, lighting improvements alone had a limited effect, suggesting that higher-order creative processes depend on additional cognitive and instructional support. The study concludes that well-designed lighting is essential for fostering creativity in precision-based tasks, while more holistic approaches integrating environmental and pedagogical enhancements are necessary for advanced creative outcomes. These findings provide actionable insights for optimising educational spaces to support the cognitive and creative demands of architecture students

    Metoda hybrydowych logicznych drzew klasyfikacyjnych opartych na grupowym wyborze cech dyskretnych

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    The paper considers the problems of automating the construction of classification trees based on the scheme of branched feature selection. The object of research is classification trees. The subject of research is methods, algorithms, and schemes for constructing classification trees. The aim of this work is to build an effective method (scheme) for synthesizing classification tree models based on a group assessment of the importance of discrete features within a branched attribute selection. A method for constructing classification trees is proposed, which for a given training sample determines the individual information content (importance) of groups of features (and their combinations) in relation to the initial value of the classification function (data from the training sample). The developed logical tree method, when constructing the next node of the classification tree, tries to identify a group of the most closely interrelated discrete features, this reduces the overall structural complexity of the model (the number of levels of the classification tree), speeds up calculations when recognizing objects based on the model, and also increases the generalizing properties of the model and its enterprise. The proposed scheme for selecting groups of discrete traits allows using the constructed decision tree to assess the informative value (importance) of traits. The developed classification tree method is implemented programmatically and studied when solving the problem of classifying discrete objects represented by a set of features. The conducted experiments confirmed the operability of the proposed mathematical support and allow us to recommend it for use in practice in solving applied problems of classification of discrete objects based on logical classification trees. Prospects for further research may consist in creating a modified method of the logical classification tree by effectively iterating and evaluating sets of elementary features based on the proposed method, optimizing its software implementations, and experimentally studying the proposed method on a wider set of applied problems.W artykule rozważono problemy związane z automatyzacją tworzenia drzew klasyfikacyjnych w oparciu o schemat rozgałęzionego wyboru cech. Przedmiotem badań są drzewa klasyfikacyjne. Tematem badań są metody, algorytmy i schematy tworzenia drzew klasyfikacyjnych. Celem niniejszej pracy jest opracowanie skutecznej metody (schematu) syntezy modeli drzew klasyfikacyjnych w oparciu o grupową ocenę znaczenia cech dyskretnych w ramach rozgałęzionego wyboru atrybutów. Zaproponowano metodę konstruowania drzew klasyfikacyjnych, która dla danej próbki szkoleniowej określa indywidualną zawartość informacyjną (znaczenie) grup cech (i ich kombinacji) w odniesieniu do wartości początkowej funkcji klasyfikacyjnej (dane z próbki szkoleniowej). Opracowana metoda drzewa logicznego, podczas konstruowania kolejnego węzła drzewa klasyfikacyjnego, próbuje zidentyfikować grupę najbardziej powiązanych ze sobą cech dyskretnych, co zmniejsza ogólną złożoność strukturalną modelu (liczbę poziomów drzewa klasyfikacyjnego), przyspiesza obliczenia podczas rozpoznawania obiektów na podstawie modelu, a także zwiększa właściwości uogólniające modelu i jego przedsiębiorstwa. Proponowany schemat wyboru grup cech dyskretnych pozwala na wykorzystanie skonstruowanego drzewa decyzyjnego do oceny wartości informacyjnej (znaczenia) cech. Opracowana metoda drzewa klasyfikacyjnego została zaimplementowana programowo i zbadana podczas rozwiązywania problemu klasyfikacji obiektów dyskretnych reprezentowanych przez zbiór cech. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty potwierdziły funkcjonalność proponowanego wsparcia matematycznego i pozwalają nam polecić je do praktycznego zastosowania w rozwiązywaniu problemów stosowanych związanych z klasyfikacją obiektów dyskretnych w oparciu o logiczne drzewa klasyfikacyjne. Perspektywy dalszych badań mogą polegać na stworzeniu zmodyfikowanej metody logicznego drzewa klasyfikacyjnego poprzez skuteczne iterowanie i ocenę zestawów cech elementarnych w oparciu o proponowaną metodę, optymalizację jej implementacji programowych oraz eksperymentalne badanie proponowanej metody na szerszym zestawie problemów stosowanych

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