Importância da intoxicação por Amorimia pubiflora (Malpighiaceae) em bovinos em Mato Grosso: reprodução experimental da intoxicação em ovinos e bovinos

No município de Colniza, Mato Grosso, a principal limitação para expansão pecuária é a ocorrência de "morte súbita" em bovinos, com registros de mortalidade próxima a 50% dos animais. Em visitas realizadas em áreas de ocorrência do problema, nos anos de 2004, 2011 e 2012, constatou-se que havia coincidência entre a ocorrência de "mortes súbitas" no rebanho e a presença de Amorimia pubiflora nas pastagens. As mortes ocorrem durante todo ano, porém acentuam-se no início do período das chuvas, quando há maior quantidade de brotação nas áreas de pastoreio. A intoxicação foi reproduzida em ovinos e bovinos através da administração de folhas jovens coletadas em dois períodos do ano, e, em ovinos, através de folhas maduras e dos frutos. Nos ovinos que morreram, as primeiras manifestações clínicas foram observadas entre 34min e 17h34min após a administração da planta e a evolução clínica foi de 3min a 15h20min, com uma fase final superaguda de 3 a 21min. As principais alterações clínicas encontradas foram taquicardia, evidenciação da jugular, tremores musculares, apatia e relutância à movimentação. Todos os sinais acentuavam-se após a movimentação. A fase final superaguda foi caracterizada por relutância para caminhar, cifose, tremores e contrações musculares generalizadas, principalmente de membros, cabeça e pescoço. Notou-se também taquipneia com respiração abdominal, decúbito esternal e rapidamente lateral ou quedas em decúbito lateral, opistótono, nistagmo e cianose de mucosa oral, seguidos de morte. As folhas jovens, independentemente do período da coleta, foram mais tóxicas; causaram a morte de ovinos a partir de 2g/kg e de um bovino que ingeriu 3g/kg. Já as folhas maduras revelaram-se tóxicas e causaram morte na dose de 20g/kg e os frutos ocasionaram a morte de um ovino que ingeriu 5g/kg. Concluímos que monofluoracetato de sódio (MFA), encontrado na concentração de 0,015% nas folhas em brotação de A. pubiflora, é o princípio tóxico responsável pela "morte súbita" causada por Amorimia pubiflora. Esse estudo mostra a importância de A. pubiflora para a região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, principalmente para a pecuária bovina do município de Colniza, MT. Essa planta é tóxica, também, para ovinos e o quadro clínico é similar ao descrito para bovinos

Anemia hemolítica em bovinos de corte em sistema de criação extensiva em Mato Grosso e Rondônia

RESUMO: Casos de anemia hemolítica em bovinos de corte em sistema de criação extensiva em Mato Grosso e Rondônia são acompanhados desde 2008. Os animais acometidos apresentam fraqueza, mucosas pálidas ou ictéricas, urina enegrecida, depressão e anorexia. Esse quadro muitas vezes evolui para morte, principalmente quando os animais são movimentados. Durante esse período aproximadamente 429 bovinos morreram em diferentes surtos eem alguns casos a mortalidade chegou a 50%. Foi realizada investigação para as principais causas infecciosas como leptospirose, babesiose, tripanossomíase, anaplasmose e hemoglobinúria bacilar, bem como para as possíveis causas toxicas relatadas como etiologia de anemia hemolítica em bovinos por meio de exames hematológicos, bioquímica sanguínea, moleculares e histopatológicos. Não se observou nas propriedades acometidas, nenhuma das plantas já descritas no Brasil como causadora de anemia hemolítica em animais de interesse pecuário no momento das investigações dos surtos. Apesar da etiologia desses casos ainda não ser conhecida, as evidências epidemiológicas, clínicas e patológicas da doença sugerem que a mesma seja causada por uma planta tóxica de ação hemolítica, presente nas propriedades acometidas, mas que ainda não foi confirmada experimentalmente

Induction and transfer of resistance to poisoning by Amorimia pubiflora in sheep whith non-toxic dosis of the plant and ruminal content

ABSTRACT: Amorimiapubiflora (Malpighiaceae), which contains sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) is the main cause of "sudden death" in cattle in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. This research investigated the induction of resistance to the poisoning in sheep by the continuous administration of non-toxic doses of the plant and also the possibility to transfer this resistance to other sheep by the transfaunation of ruminal fluid. For this a group of four sheep (G1) received daily doses of 0.5g kg-1 for 20 days and after an interval of 15 days were challenged with three daily doses of 1g kg-1 for 3 days. Also the transfer of resistance to A. pubiflora poisoning was evaluated by transfaunation of rumen fluid (100ml for 10 days) from G1 sheep to five sheep (G2), followed by challenge with the dose of 1g kg-1 for 3 days (G2D2) and after a three-day interval they received a single dose of 3g kg-1 (G2D3). The degree of resistance was evaluated by monitoring the onset of clinical signs, heart rate, and outcome of the poisoning compared with the control groups, which were challenged with three daily doses of 1g kg1 (G3) and with a single dose of 3g kg-1 (G4). Clinical parameters evaluated in Groups G1 and G2 were significantly less pronounced than those observed in G3 and G4 (control) (P<0.05). Sheep in G4 (control) died after receiving a single dose of 3g kg-1, while those in G2 (transfaunated) survived. These findings demonstrated that consumption of non-toxic doses of A. pubiflora induced resistance in sheep and that this resistance can be transferred by transfaunation. New experiments are needed to determine the most efficient ways to induce resistance and to use this technique in the field to prevent the poisoning

Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region

Protecting riparian vegetation around streams is vital in reducing the detrimental effects of environmental change on freshwater ecosystems and in maintaining aquatic biodiversity. Thus, identifying ecological thresholds is useful for defining regulatory limits and for guiding the management of riparian zones towards the conservation of freshwater biota. Using nationwide data on fish and invertebrates occurring in small Brazilian streams, we estimated thresholds of native vegetation loss in which there are abrupt changes in the occurrence and abundance of freshwater bioindicators and tested whether there are congruent responses among different biomes, biological groups and riparian buffer sizes. Mean thresholds of native vegetation cover loss varied widely among biomes, buffer sizes and biological groups: ranging from 0.5% to 77.4% for fish, from 2.9% to 37.0% for aquatic invertebrates and from 3.8% to 43.2% for a subset of aquatic invertebrates. Confidence intervals for thresholds were wide, but the minimum values of these intervals were lower for the smaller riparian buffers (50 and 100 m) than larger ones (200 and 500 m), indicating that land use should be kept away from the streams. Also, thresholds occurred at a lower percentage of riparian vegetation loss in the smaller buffers, and were critically lower for invertebrates: reducing only 6.5% of native vegetation cover within a 50-m riparian buffer is enough to cross thresholds for invertebrates. Synthesis and applications. The high variability in biodiversity responses to loss of native riparian vegetation suggests caution in the use of a single riparian width for conservation actions or policy definitions nationwide. The most sensitive bioindicators can be used as early warning signals of abrupt changes in freshwater biodiversity. In practice, maintaining at least 50-m wide riparian reserves on each side of streams would be more effective to protect freshwater biodiversity in Brazil. However, incentives and conservation strategies to protect even wider riparian reserves (~100 m) and also taking into consideration the regional context will promote a greater benefit. This information should be used to set conservation goals and to create complementary mechanisms and policies to protect wider riparian reserves than those currently required by the federal law

Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region

Protecting riparian vegetation around streams is vital in reducing the detrimental effects of environmental change on freshwater ecosystems and in maintaining aquatic biodiversity. Thus, identifying ecological thresholds is useful for defining regulatory limits and for guiding the management of riparian zones towards the conservation of freshwater biota. Using nationwide data on fish and invertebrates occurring in small Brazilian streams, we estimated thresholds of native vegetation loss in which there are abrupt changes in the occurrence and abundance of freshwater bioindicators and tested whether there are congruent responses among different biomes, biological groups and riparian buffer sizes. Mean thresholds of native vegetation cover loss varied widely among biomes, buffer sizes and biological groups: ranging from 0.5% to 77.4% for fish, from 2.9% to 37.0% for aquatic invertebrates and from 3.8% to 43.2% for a subset of aquatic invertebrates. Confidence intervals for thresholds were wide, but the minimum values of these intervals were lower for the smaller riparian buffers (50 and 100 m) than larger ones (200 and 500 m), indicating that land use should be kept away from the streams. Also, thresholds occurred at a lower percentage of riparian vegetation loss in the smaller buffers, and were critically lower for invertebrates: reducing only 6.5% of native vegetation cover within a 50-m riparian buffer is enough to cross thresholds for invertebrates. Synthesis and applications. The high variability in biodiversity responses to loss of native riparian vegetation suggests caution in the use of a single riparian width for conservation actions or policy definitions nationwide. The most sensitive bioindicators can be used as early warning signals of abrupt changes in freshwater biodiversity. In practice, maintaining at least 50-m wide riparian reserves on each side of streams would be more effective to protect freshwater biodiversity in Brazil. However, incentives and conservation strategies to protect even wider riparian reserves (~100 m) and also taking into consideration the regional context will promote a greater benefit. This information should be used to set conservation goals and to create complementary mechanisms and policies to protect wider riparian reserves than those currently required by the federal law. © 2020 British Ecological Societ

Control methods against invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe : a review

Five species of invasive Aedes mosquitoes have recently become established in Europe: Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus and Ae. atropalpus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance for people and are also competent vectors for several exotic pathogens such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. As they are a growing public health concern, methods to control these mosquitoes need to be implemented to reduce their biting and their potential for disease transmission. There is a crucial need to evaluate methods as part of an integrated invasive mosquito species control strategy in different European countries, taking into account local Aedes infestations and European regulations. This review presents the control methods available or in development against invasive Aedes mosquitoes, with a particular focus on those that can be implemented in Europe. These control methods are divided into five categories: environmental (source reduction), mechanical (trapping), biological (e.g. copepods, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Wolbachia), chemical (insect growth regulators, pyrethroids) and genetic (sterile insect technique and genetically modified mosquitoes). We discuss the effectiveness, ecological impact, sustainability and stage of development of each control method