Universal Bounds in Even-Spin CFTs

We prove using invariance under the modular $S$- and $ST$-transformations that every unitary two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) of only even-spin operators (with no extended chiral algebra and with central charges $c,\tilde{c}>1$) contains a primary operator with dimension $\Delta_1$ satisfying $0 < \Delta_1 < (c+\tilde{c})/24 + 0.09280...$ After deriving both analytical and numerical bounds, we discuss how to extend our methods to bound higher conformal dimensions before deriving lower and upper bounds on the number of primary operators in a given energy range. Using the AdS$_3$/CFT$_2$ dictionary, the bound on $\Delta_1$ proves the lightest massive excitation in appropriate theories of 3D matter and gravity with cosmological constant $\Lambda < 0$ can be no heavier than $1/(8G_N)+O(\sqrt{-\Lambda})$; the bounds on the number operators are related via AdS/CFT to the entropy of states in the dual gravitational theory. In the flat-space approximation, the limiting mass is exactly that of the lightest BTZ black hole.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:0902.2790 by other authors; author note: this work is an extension of arXiv:0902.2790, please refer to it for additional details..new version has corrected typos and reference

Bounds on Operator Dimensions in 2D Conformal Field Theories

We extend the work of Hellerman (arxiv:0902.2790) to derive an upper bound on the conformal dimension $\Delta_2$ of the next-to-lowest nontrival primary operator in unitary two-dimensional conformal field theories without chiral primary operators. The bound we find is of the same form as found for $\Delta_1$: $\Delta_2 \leq c_{tot}/12 + O(1)$. We find a similar bound on the conformal dimension $\Delta_3$, and present a method for deriving bounds on $\Delta_n$ for any $n$, under slightly modified assumptions. For asymptotically large $c_{tot}$ and fixed $n$, we show that $\Delta_n \leq \frac{c_{tot}}{12}+O(1)$. We conclude with a brief discussion of the gravitational implications of these results.Comment: Corrected typos; revised arguments (adding detail) for clarity, results unchange

The Poetry of Li-Young Lee: Identity, Androgyny & Feminism

In my investigation of Li-Young Lee\u27s poetry, my concerns were two-fold: first, to find evidence of an androgynous quality or ideal; secondly, to demonstrate that ideal as authentically feminist. In the introduction, I investigate the feminist debate about the traditional definition and concept of androgyny, demonstrating the difference between the patriarchal traditional androgyny and the androgynous elements in Lee\u27s poetry. In Chapter Two, the rose as image and as symbol in Lee\u27s poetry is examined and found to be strikingly androgynous as a symbol. As an image, however, it is more often than not used as a vehicle to describe the destructive nature of social tyrannies such as the patriarchal symbolic order. In Chapter Three, Lee\u27s heavy implications of an existing other is examined. This examination is particularly pertinent when considering the feminist debate, since one of the major problems with the idea of androgyny is that it often necessitates a binary thought system in which the male is usually the one and the female is usually the other. In Lea\u27s poetry, I found no significant evidence of that kind of phallocentricism; rather, I found substantial evidence that Lee\u27s poetry demonstrates the destructiveness of insisting on any being\u27s otherness. Lee\u27s search for identity, and for the meaning of personal identity, involves the acceptance of the mutability of identity. In conclusion, although I don\u27t find androgyny to be authentically feminist, I find Lee\u27s poetry--and its particular use of an androgynous ideal--to be authentically feminist

Formulation of a Graphene Based Ink for Inkjet Printing Wearable Electronics

The field of printable electronics and sensors has been experiencing increased interest and growth to meet the demands of low-cost, flexible, and lightweight devices. From this subset of devices, graphene-based printable electronics and sensors are of specific interest due to their transparency, flexibility, biocompatibility, and high conductivity. Among all modern ink printing technology, screen printing, spray coating, 3D printing, and inkjet printing are often utilized to fabricate flexible electronic applications from conductive ink. Compared with the other three, inkjet printing has received the most attention due to the simple printing process, high repeatability, economy, and time-savings compared to other printing techniques. However, inkjet printing often suffers from nozzle clogging due to aggregation of the particles in the conductive inks. In this research, a conductive graphene-based ink is developed to be used in a regular inkjet printer. A formulation process based on bath sonication and solvent exchange allows a graphene rich ink to be created with advantageous fluid properties that allow it to be printed easily.Small flake size of the graphene will allow us to avoid the issue of clogging the nozzle with flake aggregation and eventually aflexible hydration sensor will beprinted out with this graphene-based conductive ink