Plan estratégico para el área comercial de la empresa Carderquim

CD-T 667.257 M931; 59 pEste proyecto se realizó con el fin de diseñar un plan estratégico para la creación del área comercial de la empresa CARDERQUIM con el ánimo de aumentar las ventas. La empresa actualmente se encuentra en un momento de crecimiento, y hoy no cuenta con un área comercial definida por falta de direccionamiento estratégico desde la Gerencia General, la organización se encuentra en una zona de confort, como tiene unos clientes asegurados no busca acercamientos con otros; al conseguir nuevos clientes la empresa puede crecer e incrementar sus ingresos.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereir

Caracterización mecánica de un motor eléctrico de corriente alterna utilizando un freno de foucault.

La universidad autónoma de Manizales adquirió un freno de Foucault para la realización de pruebas de laboratorio con el fin de caracterizar un motor eléctrico. Se construyó un módulo para el análisis de fallas en rodamientos por vibración, el freno se acopló al módulo para realizar las pruebas y la adquisición de datos para llegar a las gráficas de torque y potencia contra las revoluciones por minuto del motor

RELACIONES EMPÍRICAS ENTRE PARÁMETROS INSTRUMENTALES Y MACROSÍSMICOS DE ALGUNOS TERREMOTOS FUERTES DE COLOMBIA

  In order to establish the relationships between macroseismic and instrumental parameters, macroseismic feld of 28 historical earthquakes that produced great effects in the Colombian territory were studied. The integration of the parameters was made by using the methodology of Kaussel and Ramirez (1992), for great Chilean earthquakes; Kanamori and Anderson (1975) and Coppersmith and Well (1994) for world-wide earthquakes. Once determined the macroseismic and instrumental parameters it was come to establish the model of the source of each earthquake, with which the data base of these parameters was completed. For each earthquake parameters related to the local and normal macroseismic epicenter were complemented, depth of the local and normal center, horizontal extension of both centers, vertical extension of the normal center, model of the source, area of rupture. The obtained empirical relations from linear equations, even show behaviors very similar to the found ones by other authors for other regions of the world and to world-wide level. The results of this work allow establishing that certain mutual non compatibility exists between the area of rupture and the length of rupture determined by the macroseismic methods, with parameters found with instrumental data like seismic moment, Ms magnitude and Mw magnitude. Keywords: Empirical relations, earthquakes, macroseismic feld, magnitude, Colombia.Con el fin de establecer relaciones entre parámetros macrosísmicos e instrumentales, se estudió el campo macrosísmico de 28 sismos históricos que produjeron grandes efectos en el territorio colombiano. La integración de los parámetros se realizó a través de la metodología de Kaussel y Ramírez (1992), para grandes sismos chilenos; Kanamori y Anderson (1975) y Coppersmith y Well (1994) para sismos mundiales. Una vez determinados los parámetros macrosísmicos e instrumentales se procedió a establecer el modelo de la fuente de cada sismo, con lo cual se completó la base de datos de dichos parámetros. Para cada sismo se complementaron parámetros relacionados con el epicentro macrosísmico local y normal, profundidad del foco local y normal, extensión horizontal de ambos focos, extensión vertical del foco normal, modelo de la fuente, área de ruptura. Las relaciones empíricas obtenidas a partir de ecuaciones lineales, muestran comportamientos muy similares a los encontrados por otros autores para otras regiones del mundo e incluso a nivel mundial. Los resultados de este trabajo permiten establecer que existe cierta incompatibilidad entre el área de ruptura y la longitud de ruptura, determinadas por los métodos macrosísmicos, con aquellos parámetros encontrados con datos instrumentales como momento sísmico, magnitud Ms y magnitud Mw. Palabras Clave: Relaciones empíricas, terremotos, campo macrosísmico, magnitud, Colombia. &nbsp

RELACIONES EMPÍRICAS ENTRE PARÁMETROS INSTRUMENTALES Y MACROSÍSMICOS DE ALGUNOS TERREMOTOS FUERTES DE COLOMBIA

  In order to establish the relationships between macroseismic and instrumental parameters, macroseismic feld of 28 historical earthquakes that produced great effects in the Colombian territory were studied. The integration of the parameters was made by using the methodology of Kaussel and Ramirez (1992), for great Chilean earthquakes; Kanamori and Anderson (1975) and Coppersmith and Well (1994) for world-wide earthquakes. Once determined the macroseismic and instrumental parameters it was come to establish the model of the source of each earthquake, with which the data base of these parameters was completed. For each earthquake parameters related to the local and normal macroseismic epicenter were complemented, depth of the local and normal center, horizontal extension of both centers, vertical extension of the normal center, model of the source, area of rupture. The obtained empirical relations from linear equations, even show behaviors very similar to the found ones by other authors for other regions of the world and to world-wide level. The results of this work allow establishing that certain mutual non compatibility exists between the area of rupture and the length of rupture determined by the macroseismic methods, with parameters found with instrumental data like seismic moment, Ms magnitude and Mw magnitude. Keywords: Empirical relations, earthquakes, macroseismic feld, magnitude, Colombia.Con el fin de establecer relaciones entre parámetros macrosísmicos e instrumentales, se estudió el campo macrosísmico de 28 sismos históricos que produjeron grandes efectos en el territorio colombiano. La integración de los parámetros se realizó a través de la metodología de Kaussel y Ramírez (1992), para grandes sismos chilenos; Kanamori y Anderson (1975) y Coppersmith y Well (1994) para sismos mundiales. Una vez determinados los parámetros macrosísmicos e instrumentales se procedió a establecer el modelo de la fuente de cada sismo, con lo cual se completó la base de datos de dichos parámetros. Para cada sismo se complementaron parámetros relacionados con el epicentro macrosísmico local y normal, profundidad del foco local y normal, extensión horizontal de ambos focos, extensión vertical del foco normal, modelo de la fuente, área de ruptura. Las relaciones empíricas obtenidas a partir de ecuaciones lineales, muestran comportamientos muy similares a los encontrados por otros autores para otras regiones del mundo e incluso a nivel mundial. Los resultados de este trabajo permiten establecer que existe cierta incompatibilidad entre el área de ruptura y la longitud de ruptura, determinadas por los métodos macrosísmicos, con aquellos parámetros encontrados con datos instrumentales como momento sísmico, magnitud Ms y magnitud Mw. Palabras Clave: Relaciones empíricas, terremotos, campo macrosísmico, magnitud, Colombia. &nbsp

Ambulatory care sensitive conditions hospitalization for emergencies rates in Colombia

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the emergency hospitalizations trend for ambulatory care sensitive conditions between 2011 and 2015 in a health insureance company of the Colombian Social Security General System. METHODS: A log-linear analysis based on age-adjusted hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in the Entidad Promotora de Salud Sanitas was used to estimate the annual percentage change in these rates and to identify joinponts of the rates. Data was collected from administrative sources. RESULTS: There were 38,530 hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in 26,501 Entidad Promotora de Salud Sanitas enrollees, with a significant decrease in hospitalization rates. The annual percentage change estimated for the period was -9.5% with no significant joinpoints throughout the time interval. CONCLUSIONS: A significant reduction in hospital admissions due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Entidad Promotora de Salud Sanitas enrollees were reported for the last five years in this study

COPD Clinical Control: predictors and long-term follow-up of the CHAIN cohort

CHAIN Study Investigators.[Background] Control in COPD is a dynamic concept that can reflect changes in patients’ clinical status that may have prognostic implications, but there is no information about changes in control status and its long-term consequences.[Methods] We classified 798 patients with COPD from the CHAIN cohort as controlled/uncontrolled at baseline and over 5 years. We describe the changes in control status in patients over long-term follow-up and analyze the factors that were associated with longitudinal control patterns and related survival using the Cox hazard analysis.[Results] 134 patients (16.8%) were considered persistently controlled, 248 (31.1%) persistently uncontrolled and 416 (52.1%) changed control status during follow-up. The variables significantly associated with persistent control were not requiring triple therapy at baseline and having a better quality of life. Annual changes in outcomes (health status, psychological status, airflow limitation) did not differ in patients, regardless of clinical control status. All-cause mortality was lower in persistently controlled patients (5.5% versus 19.1%, p = 0.001). The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 2.274 (95% CI 1.394–3.708; p = 0.001). Regarding pharmacological treatment, triple inhaled therapy was the most common option in persistently uncontrolled patients (72.2%). Patients with persistent disease control more frequently used bronchodilators for monotherapy (53%) at recruitment, although by the end of the follow-up period, 20% had scaled up their treatment, with triple therapy being the most frequent therapeutic pattern.[Conclusions] The evaluation of COPD control status provides relevant prognostic information on survival. There is important variability in clinical control status and only a small proportion of the patients had persistently good control. Changes in the treatment pattern may be relevant in the longitudinal pattern of COPD clinical control. Further studies in other populations should validate our results.[Trial registration] Clinical Trials.gov: identifier NCT01122758.This study has been funded by AstraZeneca.Peer reviewe

Representaciones sociales del autoexamen de mama en mujeres adultas de zonas rurales de Risaralda

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar las Representaciones Sociales de un grupo de mujeres de la zona rural de Risaralda, acerca del autoexamen de mama como práctica de autocuidado frente a la detección temprana del cáncer, y entender la dinámica del interaccionismo comunitario en cuanto a los determinantes de las prácticas de esta población. Para el anterior estudio se realizará una investigación de tipo cualitativo exploratorio, durante el segundo semestre de 2019, con mujeres que no han sido diagnosticadas con algún tipo de cáncer

Circulating levels of butyrate are inversely related to portal hypertension, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation in patients with cirrhosis

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbiota-derived products that participate in maintaining the gut barrier integrity and host's immune response. We hypothesize that reduced SCFA levels are associated with systemic inflammation, endotoxemia, and more severe hemodynamic alterations in cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis referred for a hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement (n = 62) or a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement (n = 12) were included. SCFAs were measured in portal (when available), hepatic, and peripheral blood samples by GC-MS. Serum endotoxins, proinflammatory cytokines, and NO levels were quantified. SCFA levels were significantly higher in portal vs. hepatic and peripheral blood. There were inverse relationships between SCFAs and the severity of disease. SCFAs (mainly butyric acid) inversely correlated with the model for end-stage liver disease score and were further reduced in patients with history of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. There was an inverse relationship between butyric acid and HVPG values. SCFAs were directly related with systemic vascular resistance and inversely with cardiac index. Butyric acid inversely correlated with inflammatory markers and serum endotoxin. A global reduction in the blood levels of SCFA in patients with cirrhosis is associated with a more advanced liver disease, suggesting its contribution to disease progression.-Juanola, O., Ferrusquía-Acosta, J., García-Villalba, R., Zapater, P., Magaz, M., Marín, A., Olivas, P., Baiges, A., Bellot, P., Turon, F., Hernández-Gea, V., González-Navajas, J. M., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., García-Pagán, J. C., Francés, R. Circulating levels of butyrate are inversely related to portal hypertension, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation in patients with cirrhosis

Natural Course of the Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide in COPD: Importance of Sex

[Background] The value of the single-breath diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Dlco) relates to outcomes for patients with COPD. However, little is known about the natural course of Dlco over time, intersubject variability, and factors that may influence Dlco progression.[Research Question] What is the natural course of Dlco in patients with COPD over time, and which other factors, including sex differences, could influence this progression?[Study Design and Methods] We phenotyped 602 smokers (women, 33%), of whom 506 (84%) had COPD and 96 (16%) had no airflow limitation. Lung function, including Dlco, was monitored annually over 5 years. A random coefficients model was used to evaluate Dlco changes over time.[Results] The mean (± SE) yearly decline in Dlco % in patients with COPD was 1.34% ± 0.015%/y. This was steeper compared with non-COPD control subjects (0.04% ± 0.032%/y; P = .004). Sixteen percent of the patients with COPD, vs 4.3% of the control subjects, had a statistically significant Dlco % slope annual decline (4.14%/y). At baseline, women with COPD had lower Dlco values (11.37% ± 2.27%; P < .001) in spite of a higher FEV1 % than men. Compared with men, women with COPD had a steeper Dlco annual decline of 0.89% ± 0.42%/y (P = .039).[Interpretation] Patients with COPD have an accelerated decline in Dlco compared with smokers without the disease. However, the decline is slow, and a testing interval of 3 to 4 years may be clinically informative. The lower and more rapid decline in Dlco values in women, compared with men, suggests a differential impact of sex in gas exchange function.[Trial Registry] ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01122758; URL: www.clinicaltrials.govThis study was funded in part by an unrestricted grant from AstraZeneca, and also by the COPD Research Program of the Spanish Respiratory Society (PII de EPOC of SEPAR).Peer reviewe

Phylogeography and population genetics of Vicugna vicugna: evolution in the arid Andean high plateau

The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is the most representative wild ungulate of the high Andes of South America with two recognized morphological subspecies, V. v. mensalis in the north and V. v. vicugna in the south of its distribution. Current vicuña population size (460,000–520,000 animals) is the result of population recovery programs established in response to 500 years of overexploitation. Despite the vicuña’s ecosystemic, economic and social importance, studies about their genetic variation and history are limited and geographically restricted. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the genetic diversity of vicuña based on samples collected throughout its distribution range corresponding to eleven localities in Peru and five in Chile representing V. v. mensalis, plus four localities each in Argentina and Chile representing V. v. vicugna. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers show contrasting results regarding differentiation between the two vicuña types with mitochondrial haplotypes supporting subspecies differentiation, albeit with only a few mutational steps separating the two subspecies. In contrast, microsatellite markers show that vicuña genetic variation is best explained as an isolation by distance pattern where populations on opposite ends of the distribution present different allelic compositions, but the intermediate populations present a variety of alleles shared by both extreme forms. Demographic characterization of the species evidenced a simultaneous and strong reduction in the effective population size in all localities supporting the existence of a unique, large ancestral population (effective size ∼50,000 individuals) as recently as the mid-Holocene. Furthermore, the genetic variation observed across all localities is better explained by a model of gene flow interconnecting them rather than only by genetic drift. Consequently, we propose space “continuous” Management Units for vicuña as populations exhibit differentiation by distance and spatial autocorrelation linked to sex biased dispersal instead of population fragmentation or geographical barriers across the distribution