Future journalists’ fight against disinformation: analysis of university training offers and challenges in the Spanish context

Disinformation has become a global problem affecting mass media, governments and citizens globally. Besides the loss of trust in the media and its weakening influence, exposure to all manner of messages on social media in recent years has paved the way for disinformation, which has become a considerable challenge for journalism. According to the 2022 Edelman Trust Barometer, Spain is one of the countries most concerned about this phenomenon (Edelman, 2022). However, is this concern shared by Spanish journalist associations? What training initiatives are being carried out for future journalists to counter the spread of disinformation? How should fact-checking be taught in university? This study aims to answer these questions by using a dual methodology. First, a review and analysis were undertaken on the different training initiatives for bachelor’s and university-specific master’s degree students. Then, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with experts, including fact-checkers, experienced journalists and representatives of sectoral associations, to ascertain their views on fact-checking and disinformation. The main results show that Spanish universities offer few training fact-checking-related initiatives, particularly at bachelor’s degree level, although more and more university-specific degrees and master’s degrees on this topic are becoming available. Furthermore, most interviewees view specialised training for the next generation of journalists as a key factor for fighting disinformation, and they provide guidelines to achieve this

Simulation Study for Designing a Dedicated Cardiac TOF-PET System

[EN] The development of dedicated positron emission tomography scanners is an active area of research, especially aiming at the improvement of lesion detection and in support of cancer treatment and management. Recently, dedicated Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems with different configurations for specific organs have been developed for improving detection effectiveness. Open geometries are always subject to distortion and artifacts in the reconstructed images. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the optimal geometry for a novel cardiac PET system that will be developed by our team, and determine the time resolution needed to achieve reasonable image quality for the chosen geometry. The proposed geometries consist of 36 modules. These modules are arranged in two sets of two plates, each one with different configurations. We performed Monte Carlo simulations with different TOF resolutions, in order to test the image quality improvement in each case. Our results show, as expected, that increasing TOF resolution reduces distortion and artifact effects. We can conclude that a TOF resolution of the order of 200 ps is needed to reduce the artifacts, to acceptable levels, generated in the simulated cardiac-PET open geometries.This project has been co-financed by the Spanish Government Grants TEC2016-79884-C2 and RTC-2016-5186-1, by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 695536). The work of V.I. was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana APOSTD/2019/086 fellowship.Oliver-Gil, S.; Moliner, L.; Ilisie, V.; Benlloch Baviera, JM.; Rodríguez-Álvarez, M. (2020). Simulation Study for Designing a Dedicated Cardiac TOF-PET System. Sensors. 20(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051311S116205Gaemperli, O., & Kaufmann, P. A. (2011). PET and PET/CT in cardiovascular disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1228(1), 109-136. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06030.xThackeray, J. T., & Bengel, F. M. (2018). Molecular Imaging of Myocardial Inflammation With Positron Emission Tomography Post-Ischemia. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 11(9), 1340-1355. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.05.026Li, Z., Gupte, A. A., Zhang, A., & Hamilton, D. J. (2017). Pet Imaging and its Application in Cardiovascular Diseases. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 13(1), 29. doi:10.14797/mdcj-13-1-29Juárez-Orozco, L. E., Tio, R. A., Alexanderson, E., Dweck, M., Vliegenthart, R., El Moumni, M., … Slart, R. H. J. A. (2017). Quantitative myocardial perfusion evaluation with positron emission tomography and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review of prognostic studies. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 19(10), 1179-1187. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jex331Schelbert, H. R. (2009). Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow: What is the Clinical Role? Cardiology Clinics, 27(2), 277-289. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2008.12.009Knuuti, J., Kajander, S., Mäki, M., & Ukkonen, H. (2009). Quantification of myocardial blood flow will reform the detection of CAD. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 16(4), 497-506. doi:10.1007/s12350-009-9101-1Peng, H. (2015). Design study of a cardiac-dedicated PET system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 779, 39-46. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.01.042Gonzalez, A. J., Sanchez, F., & Benlloch, J. M. (2018). Organ-Dedicated Molecular Imaging Systems. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences, 2(5), 388-403. doi:10.1109/trpms.2018.2846745Moliner, L., Rodríguez-Alvarez, M. J., Catret, J. V., González, A., Ilisie, V., & Benlloch, J. M. (2019). NEMA Performance Evaluation of CareMiBrain dedicated brain PET and Comparison with the whole-body and dedicated brain PET systems. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51898-zAhmed, A. M., Tashima, H., Yoshida, E., Nishikido, F., & Yamaya, T. (2017). Simulation study comparing the helmet-chin PET with a cylindrical PET of the same number of detectors. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(11), 4541-4550. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aa685cCho, Z.-H., Son, Y.-D., Kim, H.-K., Kwon, D.-H., Joo, Y.-H., Ra, J. B., … Kim, Y.-B. (2019). Development of Positron Emission Tomography With Wobbling and Zooming for High Sensitivity and High-Resolution Molecular Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 38(12), 2875-2882. doi:10.1109/tmi.2019.2916326Surti, S., & Karp, J. S. (2008). Design considerations for a limited angle, dedicated breast, TOF PET scanner. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(11), 2911-2921. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/53/11/010Surti, S., & Karp, J. S. (2016). Advances in time-of-flight PET. Physica Medica, 32(1), 12-22. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.12.007Grant, A. M., Deller, T. W., Khalighi, M. M., Maramraju, S. H., Delso, G., & Levin, C. S. (2016). NEMA NU 2-2012 performance studies for the SiPM-based ToF-PET component of the GE SIGNA PET/MR system. Medical Physics, 43(5), 2334-2343. doi:10.1118/1.4945416Van Sluis, J., de Jong, J., Schaar, J., Noordzij, W., van Snick, P., Dierckx, R., … Boellaard, R. (2019). Performance Characteristics of the Digital Biograph Vision PET/CT System. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 60(7), 1031-1036. doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.215418Ito, M., Lee, M. S., & Lee, J. S. (2013). Continuous depth-of-interaction measurement in a single-layer pixelated crystal array using a single-ended readout. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(5), 1269-1282. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/5/1269Bugalho, R., Di Francesco, A., Ferramacho, L., Leong, C., Niknejad, T., Oliveira, L., … Varela, J. (2018). Experimental results with TOFPET2 ASIC for time-of-flight applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 912, 195-198. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.034Gundacker, S., Auffray, E., Frisch, B., Jarron, P., Knapitsch, A., Meyer, T., … Lecoq, P. (2013). Time of flight positron emission tomography towards 100ps resolution with L(Y)SO: an experimental and theoretical analysis. Journal of Instrumentation, 8(07), P07014-P07014. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/8/07/p07014A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transporthttp://www.oecd-nea.org/lists/penelope.htmlStrydhorst, J., & Buvat, I. (2016). Redesign of the GATE PET coincidence sorter. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(18), N522-N531. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/18/n522Baró, J., Sempau, J., Fernández-Varea, J. M., & Salvat, F. (1995). PENELOPE: An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 100(1), 31-46. doi:10.1016/0168-583x(95)00349-5Sempau, J., Acosta, E., Baro, J., Fernández-Varea, J. M., & Salvat, F. (1997). An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 132(3), 377-390. doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(97)00414-xSempau, J., Fernández-Varea, J. M., Acosta, E., & Salvat, F. (2003). Experimental benchmarks of the Monte Carlo code penelope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 207(2), 107-123. doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00453-1Reader, A. J., Ally, S., Bakatselos, F., Manavaki, R., Walledge, R. J., Jeavons, A. P., … Zweit, J. (2002). One-pass list-mode EM algorithm for high-resolution 3-D PET image reconstruction into large arrays. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 49(3), 693-699. doi:10.1109/tns.2002.1039550Spanoudaki, V. C., & Levin, C. S. (2010). Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET). Sensors, 10(11), 10484-10505. doi:10.3390/s101110484Siddon, R. L. (1985). Fast calculation of the exact radiological path for a three-dimensional CT array. Medical Physics, 12(2), 252-255. doi:10.1118/1.595715Vandenberghe, S., Daube-Witherspoon, M. E., Lewitt, R. M., & Karp, J. S. (2006). Fast reconstruction of 3D time-of-flight PET data by axial rebinning and transverse mashing. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51(6), 1603-1621. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/6/017Performance Measurements of Positron Emission Tomographshttps://www.nema.org/Standards/ComplimentaryDocuments/Contents%20and%20Scope%20NEMA%20NU%202%202012.pdfYu, W., & Zeng, L. (2014). A Novel Weighted Total Difference Based Image Reconstruction Algorithm for Few-View Computed Tomography. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e109345. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109345Tashima, H., Yamaya, T., Yoshida, E., Kinouchi, S., Watanabe, M., & Tanaka, E. (2012). A single-ring OpenPET enabling PET imaging during radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 57(14), 4705-4718. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/57/14/4705Yamaya, T., Inaniwa, T., Minohara, S., Yoshida, E., Inadama, N., Nishikido, F., … Murayama, H. (2008). A proposal of an open PET geometry. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(3), 757-773. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/53/3/015Miyake, K. K., Matsumoto, K., Inoue, M., Nakamoto, Y., Kanao, S., Oishi, T., … Togashi, K. (2014). Performance Evaluation of a New Dedicated Breast PET Scanner Using NEMA NU4-2008 Standards. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 55(7), 1198-1203. doi:10.2967/jnumed.113.131565Yamamoto, S., Honda, M., Oohashi, T., Shimizu, K., & Senda, M. (2011). Development of a Brain PET System, PET-Hat: A Wearable PET System for Brain Research. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 58(3), 668-673. doi:10.1109/tns.2011.2105502Garibaldi, F., Capuani, S., Colilli, S., Cosentino, L., Cusanno, F., Leo, R. D., … Tamma, C. (2013). TOPEM: A PET-TOF endorectal probe, compatible with MRI for diagnosis and follow up of prostate cancer. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 702, 13-15. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2012.09.020González-Montoro, A., Sánchez, F., Martí, R., Hernández, L., Aguilar, A., Barberá, J., … González, A. J. (2018). Detector block performance based on a monolithic LYSO crystal using a novel signal multiplexing method. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 912, 372-377. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.10.09

Insulin and diabetes control in Argentina

En la Argentina al igual que en todo el mundo hay una brecha importante entre los conocimientos científicos sobre la diabetes mellitus (DM) y su aplicación en la práctica clínica. El control inadecuado de la DM y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados genera una elevada morbimortalidad y el consecuente aumento de su carga socioeconómica. El diagnóstico tardío, la “inercia prescriptiva”, especialmente de insulina, y la educación deficiente de integrantes del equipo de salud y personas con diabetes, son algunos de los factores responsables de dicha situación. La implementación de un programa de educación diabetológica que incluya la organización de gabinetes de insulinización, a nivel nacional, dirigido tanto a prestadores como a personas con DM y sus familiares, contribuiría a optimizar la prescripción oportuna de insulina y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con DM, a la vez que reduciría la carga socioeconómica de la enfermedad. Para optimizar los resultados de esta estrategia educativa, es necesaria la participación de todos los subsectores de la salud (público, de la seguridad social y privado), de los medios masivos de comunicación, de las escuelas de ciencias de la salud, y de la industria farmacéutica.As in the rest of the world, there is a significant gap between scientific knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus and the daily practice outcome, in Argentina. Inadequate diabetes control combined with associated cardiovascular risk factors are responsible for an elevated morbid-mortality incidence and the consequent raise in the socioeconomic burden. Some of the factors leading to this situation are the late diagnosis of the disease, the clinical “inertia” (reluctance to prescribe insulin) and the poor education given to the health care team as well as the persons with diabetes. The implementation of a national diabetologic education program targeting health care providers, the persons with diabetes and their families, could contribute to optimize the appropriate insulin prescription, and consequently improve their life quality, while reducing the disease socioeconomic burden. In order to optimize the education program’s strategy outcome, insulinization cabinets should be incorporated, the participation of all health systems (public health, social security and private health insurance companies), the media, health sciences, schools and the pharmaceutical industry are needed.Fil: Gagliardino, Juan Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Endocrinologia Experimental y Aplicada (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Costa Gil, José E.. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Faingold, María C.. Unidad Asistencial Dr. César Milstein; ArgentinaFil: Litwak, León. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Fuente, Graciela V.. Hospital Carlos Durand; Argentin

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) in patients with fibromyalgia

Background Mindful-based interventions improve functioning and quality of life in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. The aim of the study is to perform a psychometric analysis of the Spanish version of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in a sample of patients diagnosed with FM. Methods The following measures were administered to 251 Spanish patients with FM: the Spanish version of MAAS, the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophising Scale, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire, the Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and the Euroqol. Factorial structure was analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to examine internal consistency, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test-retest reliability of the measures. Pearson’s correlation tests were run to evaluate univariate relationships between scores on the MAAS and criterion variables. Results The MAAS scores in our sample were low (M = 56.7; SD = 17.5). CFA confirmed a two-factor structure, with the following fit indices [sbX2 = 172.34 (p < 0.001), CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.90, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.06. MAAS was found to have high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.90) and adequate test-retest reliability at a 1–2 week interval (ICC = 0.90). It showed significant and expected correlations with the criterion measures with the exception of the Euroqol (Pearson = 0.15). Conclusion Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MAAS in patients with FM are adequate. The dimensionality of the MAAS found in this sample and directions for future research are discussed

Cooperation between passive and active silicon transporters clarifies the ecophysiology and evolution of biosilicification in sponges

Este artículo contiene 14 páginas, 6 figuras.The biological utilization of dissolved silicon (DSi) influences ocean ecology and biogeochemistry. In the deep sea, hexactinellid sponges are major DSi consumers that remain poorly understood. Their DSi consumption departs from the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of shallow-water demosponges and appears particularly maladapted to incorporating DSi from the modest concentrations typical of the modern ocean. Why did sponges not adapt to the shrinking DSi availability that followed diatom expansion some 100 to 65 million years ago? We propose that sponges incorporate DSi combining passive (aquaglyceroporins) and active (ArsB) transporters, while only active transporters (SITs) operate in diatoms and choanoflagellates. Evolution of greater silicon transport efficiency appears constrained by the additional role of aquaglyceroporins in transporting essential metalloids other than silicon. We discuss the possibility that lower energy costs may have driven replacement of ancestral SITs by less efficient aquaglyceroporins, and discuss the functional implications of conservation of aquaglyceroporin-mediated DSi utilization in vertebrates.This research was completed mostly by funds from the SponGES H2020 grant (BG-01-2015.2, agreement number 679849-2) to M.M. and A.R. and from Fisheries and Oceans Canada Strategic Program for Ecosystem-Based Research and Advice (SPERA) and International Governance Strategy (IGS) projects awarded to L.B. and E.K. This study also benefitted from funding by a PBS grant (MINECO CTM2015-67221-R) to M.M. This study is in memory of Hans Tore Rapp, who passed away on 7 March 2020, and who was the main coordinator of the H2020 SponGES project that has made this research possible.Peer reviewe

Situacions d'aula II. Materials docents d'ús interdisciplinari.

Les situacions d’aula són fragments de l’activitat educativa escolar delimitats per l’espai on es realitzen, la duració, les persones i els materials implicats, i la forma en què els uns i els altres estan organitzats. Les situacions que presentem en aquest material són les següents: - «NOTA A LLEDÓ». Escriptura de la resposta a una nota rebuda. ceip La Marina. En aquesta situació, un grup de cinc xiquets del darrer curs d’educació infantil i la seua mestra lligen una «nota» enviada per una altra mestra i la contesten. (Durada de la tasca: 40 min 12 s.) - «EL COR». L’escriptura d’un text dins d’un projecte de treball globalitzat. ceip Lluís Revest. En aquesta situació, un grup de xiquets de segon curs de primària i el seu mestre escriuen un text sobre el cor per donar resposta a una pregunta plantejada en el desenvolupament d’un projecte globalitzat sobre el «cos humà». (Durada de la tasca: 58 min 18 s.) Cadascuna d’aquestes situacions mostra la interacció oral dels mestres i els xiquets i les activitats que realitzen per portar a terme la tasca. La transcripció, realitzada a partir de l’enregistrament en vídeo, es presenta dividida en episodis i seqüències. Cada episodi està constituït per un segment de transcripció que reflecteix una activitat central dins de la tasca, especialment rellevant a causa dels continguts que s’hi treballen i al tipus d’interacció que es du a terme (per exemple, llegir la nota rebuda, planificar o escriure una part del text, etc.). Les seqüències reflecteixen unitats d’acció i/o temàtiques dins l’episodi, aïllades per facilitar-ne la comprensió i l’anàlisi.The situations are fragments of classroom educational activities for school delimited space where do, duration, people and materials involved, and the way in which they are organized each other. The situations presented in this material are: - "NOTE TO LLEDÓ." Writing in response to a note received. CEIP La Marina. In this situation, a group of five children in the final year of kindergarten teacher and his tie a "note" sent to another teacher and answer. (Task duration: 40 min 12 s.) - "THE HEART". Writing a text within a global project work. CEIP Lluís Revest. In this situation, a group of children in second grade and his teacher write a text on the heart in response to a question posed in the development of a global project on the "human body". (Task duration: 58 min 18 s.) Each of these situations shows oral interaction of teachers and children and their activities to carry out the task. The transcript, made from the video recording, appears divided into episodes and sequences. Each episode consists of a segment of a transcript that reflects activity within the central task, especially relevant because the contents are worked and the type of interaction that takes place (for example, read the note received, plan or write some text, etc.). The action sequences reflect units and / or themes in the episode, isolated for easy comprehension and analysis

Study of protein kinase c signalling in saccharomyces cerevisiae by silac-based phosphoproteomics

Comunicaciones a congreso

Cocaine promotes oxidative stress and microglial-macrophage activation in rat cerebellum

Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress alterations. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), considered a sensor of oxidative stress and inflammation, is involved in drug toxicity and addiction. NF-κB is a key mediator for immune responses that induces microglial/macrophage activation under inflammatory processes and neuronal injury/degeneration. Although cerebellum is commonly associated to motor control, muscular tone, and balance. Its relation with addiction is getting relevance, being associated to compulsive and perseverative behaviors. Some reports indicate that cerebellar microglial activation induced by cannabis or ethanol, promote cerebellar alterations and these alterations could be associated to addictive-related behaviors. After considering the effects of some drugs on cerebellum, the aim of the present work analyzes pro-inflammatory changes after cocaine exposure. Rats received daily 15 mg/kg cocaine i.p., for 18 days. Reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and glutamate were determined in cerebellar homogenates. NF-κB activity, CD68, and GFAP expression were determined. Cerebellar GPx activity and GSH/GSSG ratio are significantly decreased after cocaine exposure. A significant increase of glutamate concentration is also observed. Interestingly, increased NF-κB activity is also accompanied by an increased expression of the lysosomal mononuclear phagocytic marker ED1 without GFAP alterations. Current trends in addiction biology are focusing on the role of cerebellum on addictive behaviors. Cocaine-induced cerebellar changes described herein fit with previosus data showing cerebellar alterations on addict subjects and support the proposed role of cerebelum in addiction

γδ T lymphocytes in the diagnosis of human T cell receptor immunodeficiencies

Supported by grants from MINECO (SAF 2011-24235, BES-2012-055054, SAF2014- 54708-R, and SAF2014-53563-REDT) CAM (S2010/BMD-2316) ISCIII (RD08- 0075-0002 and PI12/02761)Peer Reviewe