The High Content of Quercetin and Catechin in Airen Grape Juice Supports Its Application in Functional Food Production.

Ensuring healthy lives and well-being constitutes one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 agenda. Consequently, research into how natural products may promote health is essential for the new generation of nutraceuticals and functional foods that are in high demand today. Grape juice is a natural foodstuff composed of water, sugars, minerals, vitamins and a wide array of polyphenols. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds of great interest due to their antioxidant properties and benefits to health, supporting antimicrobial, anti-aging, and anticarcinogenic activity. The majority of grape juice produced in the world is used for the production of wine, although a small part is used in the food industry, mainly in baby food and sports drinks. The aim of this work is to determine the polyphenol content in the natural and concentrated juice of Airen grapes, the main white grape variety produced in Spain. For this, fresh juices from five grape varietals (Airen, Sauvignon Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Verdejo and Tempranillo) and concentrated Airen juice were analyzed and compared. Results showed similar contents of phenolic acids and stilbenes in all grape varietals studied, although the Airen variety demonstrated a higher concentration of two flavonoids: quercetin and catechin. It can be concluded that the grape juice concentration process negatively affects the stability of these compounds, causing a reduction in the polyphenol content that ranges between 54–71%, with the exception of quercetin and catechin.post-print1881 K

Práticas sobre o cuidado de crianças com deficiência construídas pelos cuidadores do Instituto de Capacitación Los Álamos

Introduction: Many elements, including practices, mediate the work of caring for children with disabilities in early childhood. As a result of the disability and age of the children, their caregivers commonly become responsible for their well-being. Understanding the practices of caregivers allows optimizing and implementing functional routines that promote the well-being and quality of life of children and their caregivers. Objective: To understand the practices of caregivers of children aged 1-6 years with disabilities at the Instituto de Capacitación Los Álamos (Itagüí, Colombia). Method: Qualitative study focused on grounded theory. The participants were twelve surrogate mothers from the institute; a convenience sampling was carried out until theoretical saturation. Findings: The practices consisted of care routines, including activities specifically for children with disabilities such as massages, therapies, adaptations of the space for postural control and participation. Moreover, activities such as feeding and massages are equally important when caring for a child with a disability. Conclusion: Caring for children with disabilities involves multiple activities and practices specific to the child's condition. Despite their difficulty, they become immersed in a compilation of routines incorporated into the family's daily life. Discussion:  Principio del formulario Final del formulario CereCare of children with disabilities involves multiple activities and different practices specific to the child’s condition. Despite their difficulties, they end up being immersed in a compilation of routines that are incorporated into the daily life of the family.  Introducción: La labor de cuidado de niños con discapacidad en primera infancia está mediada por muchos elementos, entre ellos, las prácticas. Dada la discapacidad y la edad de los niños, es habitual que sean sus cuidadores los responsables de su bienestar. Comprender las prácticas de los cuidadores permite optimizar e implementar rutinas funcionales, que propendan al bienestar y la calidad de vida de los niños y sus cuidadores. Objetivo: Comprender las prácticas de personas encargadas del cuidado a niños con discapacidad, de 1 a 6 años de edad, en el Instituto de Capacitación Los Álamos (Itagüí, Colombia). Método: Estudio cualitativo enfocado en la teoría fundamentada. Se invitó a participar 12 madres sustitutas del instituto, se realizó un muestreo a conveniencia hasta la saturación teórica. Hallazgos: Las prácticas se constituyen en rutinas de cuidado que incluyen actividades que son específicas para los niños con discapacidad, tales como masajes, terapias, adaptaciones del espacio para el posicionamiento y la participación, entre otros. Actividades como la alimentación y el masaje son igual de importantes a la hora del cuidado de un niño con discapacidad. Conclusión: El cuidado de niños con discapacidad supone la realización de múltiples actividades y diferentes prácticas específicas para la condición del niño. A pesar de lo difíciles que son, terminan estando inmersas en un compilado de rutinas que se incorporan al día a día de la familia.Introdução: O trabalho de cuidar de crianças com deficiência na primeira infância é mediado por muitos elementos, incluindo práticas. Dada a deficiência e a idade das crianças, é comum que seus cuidadores sejam responsáveis por seu bem-estar. A compreensão das práticas dos cuidadores permite otimizar e implementar rotinas funcionais que promovam o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida da criança e de seus cuidadores. Objetivo: Compreender as práticas sobre o cuidado de crianças com deficiência física na primeira infância, construídas por cuidadores pertencentes ao Instituto de Capacitación Los Álamos. Método: Estudo qualitativo com foco na teoria fundamentada. Doze mães de aluguel foram convidadas a participar, sendo realizada uma amostragem por conveniência até a saturação teórica. Resultados: As práticas se constituem em rotinas de cuidado, que incluem atividades específicas para crianças com deficiência, como massagens, terapias, adaptações do espaço para posicionamento e participação, entre outras. Atividades como alimentação e massagem são tão importantes quanto ao cuidar de uma criança com deficiência Conclusão: Cuidar de crianças com deficiência envolve a realização de múltiplas atividades e diferentes práticas específicas à condição da criança. Por mais difíceis que sejam, acabam imersos em uma compilação de rotinas que se incorporam ao dia a dia da família

Geosdiversity and landscape: an analysis of potential in Baja California, México

RESUMEN: La valoración de la geodiversidad es un instrumento importante para implementar estrategias de aprovechamiento turístico sustentable del entorno natural y cultural. Dado que la mayor parte del paisaje del Estado de Baja California en México debido a su baja densidad poblacional aún es prístino y poco impactado, posee un alto potencial para el aprovechamiento de su paisaje natural y cultural, ya que las actividades que tradicionalmente se han enfocado a la explotación de los recursos naturales, como la ganadería, agricultura, pesca y minería, han sido poco exitosas por la aridez del territorio y el impacto de los fenómenos climáticos. Por lo anterior, y considerando que el turismo de aventura y ecoturismo han comenzado a cobrar importancia como actividad económica gracias a la variedad de recursos naturales y escenarios paisajísticos y culturales del Estado, se realizó un inventario general de los principales georecursos, sus atributos, actuaciones humanas y su potencial de aprovechamiento. Para ello se dividió el territorio en tres regiones: 1) Sierras peninsulares, 2) Pendiente del Golfo de California y 3) Pendiente del Oceáno Pacífico. Se establece que Baja California tiene un gran potencial para implementar actividades productivas que giren alrededor de la conservación del paisaje. Del análisis se deduce que la figura de conservación de los geoparques es una opción para ser aplicada, ya que implica el involucramiento de la sociedad en las actividades económicas, particularmente de las comunidades rurales, donde históricamente las oportunidades de desarrollo han sido muy bajas.ABSTRACT: he assessment of geodiversity is an important to implement strategies for sustainable tourism development of natural and cultural environment instrument. Since most of the landscape of Baja California in México due to its low population density is still pristine and little shocked, has high potential for the exploitation of its natural and cultural landscape, and that the activities have traditionally focused exploitation of natural resources such as livestock, agriculture, fishing and mining, have been unsuccessful because the dry land and the impact of climatic phenomena. Therefore, and considering that adventure tourism and ecotourism have started to gain importance as an economic activity due to the variety of natural scenery and cultural resources and state scenarios, a general inventory of the main georesources, attributes, actions are performed human and their ability to benefit. For this, the territory was divided into three regions: 1) Peninsular Sierras, 2) Pending the Gulf of California and 3) Pending the Pacific Ocean. It was found that Baja California has great potential to implement productive activities that revolve around landscape conservation. From the analysis, it follows that the figure of conservation of Geoparks is an option to be applied, since it implies the involvement of society in economic activities, particularly in rural communities, where historically development opportunities have been very low

Estudio metabolómico de riesgo cardiovascular en la enfermedad renal crónica

Comunicaciones a congreso

Endocannabinoid system modulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dimethyl fumarate-treated multiple sclerosis patients.

Background: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of lipid metabolites, their receptors and the enzymes implicated in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties and its modulation has the potential of being a therapeutic target in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an approved drug for MS, which has immunomodulatory effects although its mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. Objectives: To test if DMF could modulate the ECS in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from MS patients. Methods: PBMCs from 11 Healthy Donors (HC) and 20 MS patients (at baseline and after 1 year of DMF treatment) were obtained by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Patients were clinically followed for 2 years; disease activity was assessed annually. The levels of the endocannabinoids 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), Anandamide (AEA), Oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and Palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) were determined by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and normalized to the total amount of protein. Results: The median values (in pmol/g protein) of 2-AG and AEA were both similar between HC (361.42 for 2-AG; 63.62 for AEA) and patients at baseline (269.26 for 2-AG; 58.70 for AEA). After 1 year of treatment, no differences were found compared to baseline. However, there was a trend (p=0.07) towards an increase of 2-AG in patients that did not reach NEDA 3 on follow-up at 2 years. OEA and PEA levels were both lower at baseline (61.83 for OEA, p=0.01; 541.0 for PEA, p=0.001) compared to HC (190.35 for OEA; 1140.51 for PEA). After 1 year, PEA levels were unchanged (449.50, p=0.68), but OEA (115.39, p=0.04) increased to levels similar to those of HC. Conclusions: Our results confirm the dysregulation of the ECS in MS. Furthermore, they shed light on a new mechanism of action of DMF in MS, as it can modulate the ECS through OEApre-print110 K

Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women.

p-Synephrine is the principal alkaloid of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). Several recent investigations have found that the intake of 2–3 mg/kg of p-synephrine raises fat oxidation rate during exercise of low-to-moderate intensity. However, these investigations have been carried out only with samples of male participants or mixed men/women samples. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to study the effect of p-synephrine intake on fat oxidation during exercise of increasing intensity in healthy women. Using a double-blind, randomized experiment, 18 healthy recreationally active women performed two identical exercise trials after the ingestion of (a) 3 mg/kg of psynephrine and (b) 3 mg/kg of a placebo (cellulose). The exercise trials consisted of a ramp test (from 30 to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake; VO2max) on a cycle ergometer while substrate oxidation rates were measured at each workload by indirect calorimetry. In comparison to the placebo, the intake of p-synephrine increased resting tympanic temperature (36.1 ± 0.5 vs. 36.4 ± 0.4 °C p = 0.033, d = 0.87) with no effect on resting heart rate (p = 0.111) and systolic (p = 0.994) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.751). During exercise, there was no significant effect of p-synephrine on fat oxidation rate (F = 0.517; p = 0.484), carbohydrate oxidation rate (F = 0.730; p = 0.795), energy expenditure rate (F = 0.480; p = 0.833), heart rate (F = 4.269; p = 0.068) and participant’s perceived exertion (F = 0.337; p = 0.580). The maximal rate of fat oxidation with placebo was 0.26 ± 0.10 g/min and it was similar with p-synephrine (0.28 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.449, d = 0.21). An acute intake of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine before exercise did not modify energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy active women. It is likely that the increase in resting tympanic temperature induced by p-synephrine hindered the effect of this substance on fat utilization during exercise in healthy active women.pre-print519 K

Potentiation of amyloid beta phagocytosis and amelioration of synaptic dysfunction upon FAAH deletion in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: The complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) hampers the development of effective treatments. Attempts to prevent neurodegeneration in AD have failed so far, highlighting the need for further clarification of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Neuroinflammation seems to play a crucial role in disease progression, although its specific contribution to AD pathogenesis remains elusive. We have previously shown that the modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) renders beneficial effects in a context of amyloidosis, which triggers neuroinflammation. In the 5xFAD model, the genetic inactivation of the enzyme that degrades anandamide (AEA), the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), was associated with a significant amelioration of the memory deficit. Methods: In this work, we use electrophysiology, flow cytometry and molecular analysis to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement associated to the increased endocannabinoid tone in the 5xFAD mouse− model. Results: We demonstrate that the chronic enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone rescues hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the 5xFAD mouse model. At the CA3–CA1 synapse, both basal synaptic transmission and longterm potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission are normalized upon FAAH genetic inactivation, in a CB1 receptor (CB1R)- and TRPV1 receptor-independent manner. Dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons, which is notably decreased in 6-month-old 5xFAD animals, is also restored. Importantly, we reveal that the expression of microglial factors linked to phagocytic activity, such as TREM2 and CTSD, and other factors related to amyloid beta clearance and involved in neuron–glia crosstalk, such as complement component C3 and complement receptor C3AR, are specifically upregulated in 5xFAD/FAAH−/− animals. Conclusion: In summary, our findings support the therapeutic potential of modulating, rather than suppressing, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. In our model, the long-term enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone triggered augmented microglial activation and amyloid beta phagocytosis, and a consequent reversal in the neuronal phenotype associated to the diseasepost-print4206 K

Cannabinoid receptor CB2 ablation protects against TAU induced neurodegeneration.

Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the alteration/aggregation of TAU protein, for which there is still no effective treatment. Therefore, new pharmacological targets are being sought, such as elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We analysed the occurrence of changes in the ECS in tauopathies and their implication in the pathogenesis. By integrating gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, genetic and adeno-associated virus expressing TAU mouse models, we found a TAU-dependent increase in CB2 receptor expression in hippocampal neurons, that occurs as an early event in the pathology and was maintained until late stages. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the endocannabinoid metabolism. Remarkably, CB2 ablation in mice protects from neurodegeneration induced by hTAU P301L overexpression, corroborated at the level of cognitive behaviour, synaptic plasticity, and aggregates of insoluble TAU. At the level of neuroinflammation, the absence of CB2 did not produce significant changes in concordance with a possible neuronal location rather than its classic glial expression in these models. These findings were corroborated in post-mortem samples of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the most common tauopathy. Our results show that neurons with accumulated TAU induce the expression of the CB2 receptor, which enhances neurodegeneration. These results are important for our understanding of disease mechanisms, providing a novel therapeutic strategy to be investigated in tauopathiespost-print8580 K

Fuentes alimenticias del vector de la Enfermedad de Chagas Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) en ambientes domiciliares de la región oriental de El Salvador

Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, that is transmitted by hematophagous triatomine insects and maintained by means of several mammal-reservoir species. The disease is found throughout rural areas of Latin America and is considered the most costly parasitic infection of the region. One of the principal challenges for El Salvador is to enrich existing management plans and control systems for Chagas via the identification of biological and ecological factors associated with the T. dimidiata vector transmission of the T. cruzi parasite. We analyzed intestinal DNA of T. dimidiata dimidiata insects using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques to identify the possible feeding sources of the vector from among rat, mouse, pig, bird, dog and human reservoir-types as well as to detect infection of the vector by the T. cruzi parasite. We evaluated the distribution of feeding sources with respect to geo-political distribution of the vector, sex of the vector, and infection of the vector by T. cruzi using 2-factor Chi Squares analyses. We found that feeding sources of T. dimidiata insects changed significantly with respect to the sex of the vector as well as the geopolitical distribution of the vector but did not change with respect to the infection of the vector by T. cruzi. We conclude that the addition of ecological variables and population biology parameters in the development of management and control systems for Chagas disease in El Salvador can significantly enhance the eradication of domiciliar infestations and interrupt the vector transmission of the T. cruzi parasite.La enfermedad de Chagas es una infección parasitaria causada por el protozoo flagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitida por triatominos hematófagos, y parásito de varias especies de mamíferos reservorios. La enfermedad principalmente se encuentra en las áreas rurales de Latinoamérica y se considera como la infección parasitaria con mayor carga económica en dicha región. Uno de los retos para El Salvador es enriquecer las acciones de control y prevención de la enfermedad de Chagas mediante la identificación de aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de los vectores triatominos que facilitan la transmisión del parásito T. cruzi. Se analizó el ADN intestinal de chinches T. dimidiata mediante la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) para identificar entre ratas, ratones, cerdos, aves, perros y humanos las posibles fuentes alimenticias del vector y para detectar infección del vector por el parásito T. cruzi. Se evaluó la distribución de fuentes alimenticias con respecto a la división política administrativa (DPA), sexo del vector, e infección del vector por T. cruzi a través de pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado de 2-factores. Se encontró que las fuentes alimenticias de T. dimidiata cambiaron significativamente con respecto al sexo y la DPA del vector, pero no cambiaron con respecto a la infección del vector por T. cruzi. Se concluyó que la inclusión de variables ecológicos y elementos de biología poblacional en el desarrollo de acciones eficaces del control y prevención de la enfermedad de Chagas pueden aportar significativamente a la eliminación de la infestación domiciliar y la interrupción de la transmisión vectorial de T. cruzi en El Salvador