Rare and common epilepsies converge on a shared gene regulatory network providing opportunities for novel antiepileptic drug discovery

Background The relationship between monogenic and polygenic forms of epilepsy is poorly understood, and the extent to which the genetic and acquired epilepsies share common pathways is unclear. Here, we use an integrated systems-level analysis of brain gene expression data to identify molecular networks disrupted in epilepsy. Results We identify a co-expression network of 320 genes (M30), which is significantly enriched for non-synonymous de novo mutations ascertained from patients with monogenic epilepsy, and for common variants associated with polygenic epilepsy. The genes in M30 network are expressed widely in the human brain under tight developmental control, and encode physically interacting proteins involved in synaptic processes. The most highly connected proteins within M30 network are preferentially disrupted by deleterious de novo mutations for monogenic epilepsy, in line with the centrality-lethality hypothesis. Analysis of M30 expression revealed consistent down-regulation in the epileptic brain in heterogeneous forms of epilepsy including human temporal lobe epilepsy, a mouse model of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy, and a mouse model of monogenic Dravet (SCN1A) disease. These results suggest functional disruption of M30 via gene mutation or altered expression as a convergent mechanism regulating susceptibility to epilepsy broadly. Using the large collection of drug-induced gene expression data from Connectivity Map, several drugs were predicted to preferentially restore the down-regulation of M30 in epilepsy toward health, most notably valproic acid, whose effect on M30 expression was replicated in neurons. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest targeting the expression of M30 as a potential new therapeutic strategy in epilepsy

Systems genetics identifies a convergent gene network for cognition and neurodevelopmental disease

Genetic determinants of cognition are poorly characterized, and their relationship to genes that confer risk for neurodevelopmental disease is unclear. Here we performed a systems-level analysis of genome-wide gene expression data to infer gene-regulatory networks conserved across species and brain regions. Two of these networks, M1 and M3, showed replicable enrichment for common genetic variants underlying healthy human cognitive abilities, including memory. Using exome sequence data from 6,871 trios, we found that M3 genes were also enriched for mutations ascertained from patients with neurodevelopmental disease generally, and intellectual disability and epileptic encephalopathy in particular. M3 consists of 150 genes whose expression is tightly developmentally regulated, but which are collectively poorly annotated for known functional pathways. These results illustrate how systems-level analyses can reveal previously unappreciated relationships between neurodevelopmental disease–associated genes in the developed human brain, and provide empirical support for a convergent gene-regulatory network influencing cognition and neurodevelopmental disease

Systems genetics identifies Sestrin 3 as a regulator of a proconvulsant gene network in human epileptic hippocampus

Peer reviewe

Induction of B-1 bradykinin receptors in the kindled hippocampus increases extracellular glutamate levels: A microdialysis study

A link between temporal lobe epilepsy (the most common epileptic syndrome in adults) and neuropeptides has been established. Among neuropeptides, the possible involvement of bradykinin has recently received attention. An autoradiographic analysis has shown that B1 receptors, which are physiologically absent, are expressed at high levels in the rat brain after completion of kindling, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, the present work aimed at investigating the functional implications of this observation, by studying the effect of B1 receptor activation on extracellular glutamate levels in the kindled hippocampus. Microdialysis experiments have been performed in two groups of rats, control and kindled. Glutamate outflow has been measured under basal conditions and after chemical stimulation with high K+ (100 mM in the dialysis solution). Basal glutamate outflow in kindled animals was significantly higher than in controls. High K+-evoked glutamate outflow was also more pronounced in kindled animals, consistent with the latent hyperexcitability of the epileptic tissue. The B1 receptor agonist Lys-des-Arg9-BK induced an increase of basal and high K+-evoked glutamate outflow in kindled but not in control rats, and the selective B1 receptor antagonist R-715 prevented both these effects. Furthermore, R-715 significantly reduced high K+-evoked glutamate outflow when applied alone. These data suggest that the bradykinin system contributes to the modulation of epileptic neuronal excitability through B1 receptors

11-Deoxycortisol impedes GABAergic neurotransmission and induces drug-resistant status epilepticus in mice

peer reviewe

GABAA-current rundown of temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with repetitive activation of GABAA “phasic” receptors

A study was made of the “rundown” of GABAA receptors, microtransplanted to Xenopus oocytes from surgically resected brain tissues of patients afflicted with drug-resistant human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Cell membranes, isolated from mTLE neocortex specimens, were injected into frog oocytes that rapidly incorporated functional GABAA receptors. Upon repetitive activation with GABA (1 mM), “epileptic” GABAA receptors exhibited a GABAA-current (IGABA) rundown that was significantly enhanced by Zn2+ (≤250 μM), and practically abolished by the high-affinity GABAA receptor inverse agonist SR95531 (gabazine; 2.5–25 μM). Conversely, IGABA generated by “control” GABAA receptors microtransplanted from nonepileptic temporal lobe, lesional TLE, or authoptic disease-free tissues remained stable during repetitive stimulation, even in oocytes treated with Zn2+. We conclude that rundown of mTLE epileptic receptors depends on the presence of “phasic GABAA receptors” that have low sensitivity to antagonism by Zn2+. Additionally, we found that GABAA receptors, microtransplanted from the cerebral cortex of adult rats exhibiting recurrent seizures, caused by pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, showed greater rundown than control tissue, an event also occurring in patch-clamped rat pyramidal neurons. Rundown of epileptic rat receptors resembled that of human mTLE receptors, being enhanced by Zn2+ (40 μM) and sensitive to the antiepileptic agent levetiracetam, the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the phosphatase blocker okadaic acid. Our findings point to the rundown of GABAA receptors as a hallmark of TLE and suggest that modulating tonic and phasic mTLE GABAA receptor activity may represent a useful therapeutic approach to the disease

Localized delivery of fibroblast growth factor–2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces spontaneous seizures in an epilepsy model

A loss of neurons is observed in the hippocampus of many patients with epilepsies of temporal lobe origin. It has been hypothesized that damage limitation or repair, for example using neurotrophic factors (NTFs), may prevent the transformation of a normal tissue into epileptic (epileptogenesis). Here, we used viral vectors to locally supplement two NTFs, fibroblast growth factor–2 (FGF-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), when epileptogenic damage was already in place. These vectors were first characterized in vitro, where they increased proliferation of neural progenitors and favored their differentiation into neurons, and they were then tested in a model of status epilepticus-induced neurodegeneration and epileptogenesis. When injected in a lesioned hippocampus, FGF-2/BDNF expressing vectors increased neuronogenesis, embanked neuronal damage, and reduced epileptogenesis. It is concluded that reduction of damage reduces epileptogenesis and that supplementing specific NTFs in lesion areas represents a new approach to the therapy of neuronal damage and of its consequences

BODIPY®-conjugated neuropeptide Y ligands: new fluorescent tools to tag Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptor subtypes

1. N-terminal labelled fluorescent BODIPY®-NPY peptide analogues were tested in Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) and Y(5) receptor-binding assays performed in rat brain membrane preparations and HEK293 cells expressing the rat Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) and Y(5) receptors. 2. BODIPY®TMR/FL-[Leu(31), Pro(34)]NPY/PYY were able to compete for specific [(125)][Leu(31), Pro(34)]PYY-binding sites with an affinity similar to that observed for the native peptide at the Y(1) (K(i)=1–6 nM), Y(2) (K(i)>1000 nM), Y(4) (K(i)=10 nM) and Y(5) (K(i)=1–4 nM) receptor subtypes. 3. BODIPY®FL-PYY(3–36) was able to compete for specific Y(2) (K(i)=10 nM) and Y(5) (K(i)=30 nM) binding sites, but had almost no affinity in Y(1) and Y(4) assays. 4. BODIPY®FL-hPP was able to compete with high affinity (K(i); 1 and 15 nM) only in Y(4) and Y(5) receptor-binding assays. 5. BODIPY®TMR-[cPP(1–7), NPY(19–23), Ala(31), Aib(32), Gln(34)]hPP and BODIPY®TMR-[hPP(1–17), Ala(31), Aib(32)]NPY were potent competitors only on specific Y(5)-binding sites (K(i)=0.1–0.6 nM). 6. As expected, these fluorescent peptides inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, demonstrating that they retained their agonist properties. 7. When tested in confocal microscopy imaging, fluorescent Y(1) and Y(5) agonists internalized in a time-dependent manner in Y(1) and Y(5) transfected cells, respectively. 8. These results demonstrate that BODIPY®-conjugated NPY analogues retain their selectivity, affinity and agonist properties for the Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) and Y(5) receptor subtypes, respectively. Thus, they represent novel tools to study and visualize NPY receptors in living cells