La influencia liberal en el pensamiento constitucional peruano y en las constituciones del siglo XX

El objetivo general de la presente investigación es el estudio de las fuentes ideológicas y modelos políticos jurídicos que han influido en la formación del pensamiento constitucional en la conservación o cambio de las constituciones peruanas principalmente del siglo XX. La metodología empleada se ha basado en el estudio comparativo del pensamiento constitucional del siglo XX y el análisis sistemático de sus fuentes, modelo y especificaciones. El resultado más importante es que el pensamiento constitucional de predominio liberal influyó en la conservación o cambio de los textos constitucionales en relación con las corrientes doctrinarias y las tendencias relevantes al uso en el Perú del siglo XX. En los inicios y durante el siglo XX se tuvo al liberalismo, influyendo además el pensamiento modernizador e identitario, desembocando este último en la primacía por lo económico. A finales del siglo XX se gestó el neoliberalismo cuyo espíritu se vio plasmado en la Constitución de 1993. El escenario histórico del Perú durante el siglo XX inspiró el pensamiento constitucional para proponer un modelo político, económico, de participación ciudadana, de descentralización y regionalización. El antecedente ideológico se encuentra en las corrientes liberales que llegaron al Perú del siglo XVIII. Este jugó un rol importante para la libertad de imprenta y la difusión de las ideas favorables a la emancipación. El pensamiento constitucional liberal influyó en el desarrollo de las constituciones en el Perú del Siglo XX. Las cartas políticas de 1920, 1933, 1979 y 1993 tienen diferencias en cuanto a cómo integrar, gobernar y orientar el desarrollo en el Perú, pero el liberalismo será siempre la fuente de inspiración, pero en interpretaciones más abiertas la participación, la inclusión y la distribución en una carta y no proclives a un conservadurismo tanto en lo político como en lo económico. Para las exigencias del siglo XXI configuran demandas que llevan a la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes que inevitablemente se exponen en una constitución nueva.Tesi

FuCiTNet: Improving the generalization of deep learning networks by the fusion of learned class-inherent transformations

It is widely known that very small datasets produce overfitting in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), i.e., the network becomes highly biased to the data it has been trained on. This issue is often alleviated using transfer learning, regularization techniques and/or data augmentation. This work presents a new approach, independent but complementary to the previous mentioned techniques, for improving the generalization of DNNs on very small datasets in which the involved classes share many visual features. The proposed model, called FuCiTNet (Fusion Class inherent Transformations Network), inspired by GANs, creates as many generators as classes in the problem. Each generator, k, learns the transformations that bring the input image into the k-class domain. We introduce a classification loss in the generators to drive the leaning of specific k-class transformations. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed transformations improve the generalization of the classification model in three diverse datasets.This work partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology under the project TIN2017-89517-P and the project TEC2016-75976-R, financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). S. Tabik was supported by the Ramon y Cajal Programme (RYC-2015-18136). E.G was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Grant agreement 647038 [BIODESERT]), with additional support from Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041)

Patterns of spatial changes on demersal species in the Gulf of Cadiz and northern Alboran Sea

The Gulf of Cadiz (GoC) in the Atlantic Ocean and the northern Alboran Sea (AS) in the Mediterranean Sea are part of an extremely important oceanographic complex in terms of water exchange between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Besides its significant role as an ecological transition system, it is unknown whether regional and local envi ronmental drivers affect similarly species inhabiting these two adjacent and connected ecosystems. This study analyses the spatial shifts of representative demersal species and their response to the environmental and demographic drivers in these two regions, using information from two trawl surveys carried out in the GoC and in the AS from 1994 to 2015. Species distribution trends were observed in both basins. However, they were more evident in the GoC, where six out of eleven species presented temporal trends, than in the AS, where only two species displayed significant distribution changes. In both basins, these species showed geographic displacements towards the Strait of Gibraltar. Also, a high percentage of species presented significant differences in mean depth distribution on the two sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. Our study shows a general heterogeneity and independence in the drivers influencing species distributions in the two areas. GoC was highly influenced by both large- and regional-scale climate factors, which affected several species, while in AS the diversity of drivers was greater, with species density being the most common. This study provides a scientific basis for improving ecosystem-based management measures in these important transitional ecosystems.Postprint0,56

Análisis de tareas relacionadas con las nociones de límite y continuidad de funciones en libros de texto españoles

Consideramos que hacer matemáticas en una variedad de situaciones y contextos es un aspecto importante de la alfabetización o desarrollo de la competencia matemática. Partiendo del marco teórico PISA (OCDE, 2013), reconocemos que trabajar con cuestiones que llevan por sí mismas a un tratamiento matemático, a la elección de métodos matemáticos y a la organización por medio de representaciones, depende frecuentemente de las situaciones en las cuales se presentan los problemas (Rico, 2006)

Enhancing rumen microbial diversity and its impact on energy and protein metabolism in forage-fed goats

Introduction: This study explores if promoting a complex rumen microbiota represents an advantage or a handicap in the current dairy production systems in which ruminants are artificially reared in absence of contact with adult animals and fed preserved monophyte forage. Methods: In order to promote a different rumen microbial diversity, a total of 36 newborn goat kids were artificially reared, divided in 4 groups and daily inoculated during 10 weeks with autoclaved rumen fluid (AUT), fresh rumen fluid from adult goats adapted to forage (RFF) or concentrate (RFC) diets, or absence of inoculation (CTL). At 6 months of age all animals were shifted to an oats hay diet to determine their ability to digest a low quality forage. Results and discussion: Early life inoculation with fresh rumen fluid promoted an increase in the rumen overall microbial diversity which was detected later in life. As a result, at 6 months of age RFF and RFC animals had higher bacterial (+50 OTUs) and methanogens diversity (+4 OTUs) and the presence of a complex rumen protozoal community (+32 OTUs), whereas CTL animals remained protozoa-free. This superior rumen diversity and presence of rumen protozoa had beneficial effects on the energy metabolism allowing a faster adaptation to the forage diet, a higher forage digestion (+21% NDF digestibility) and an energetically favourable shift of the rumen fermentation pattern from acetate to butyrate (+92%) and propionate (+19%) production. These effects were associated with the presence of certain rumen bacterial taxa and a diverse protozoal community. On the contrary, the presence of rumen protozoa (mostly Entodinium) had a negative impact on the N metabolism leading to a higher bacterial protein breakdown in the rumen and lower microbial protein flow to the host based on purine derivatives urinary excretion (-17% to -54%). The inoculation with autoclaved rumen fluid, as source of fermentation products but not viable microbes, had smaller effects than using fresh inoculum. These findings suggest that enhancing rumen microbial diversity represents a desirable attribute when ruminants are fed forages in which the N supply does not represent a limiting factor for the rumen microbiota

Radionuclides in arctic marine macroalgae from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard)

Seaweeds are known to be useful environmental bioindicators since they bioaccumulate radioisotopes at very low environmental concentrations. Levels of natural radionuclides in six ecologically relevant brown and red seaweed species from Arctic coasts (Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands) were analysed in the present study, in order to characterise the levels of natural radioactivity in this ecosystem and to compare this with previously published data in coastal areas from other latitudes. Thalli were collected by SCUBA divers at different depths in Hansneset in September 2014 and transported immediately to the laboratory. Young thalli, free from macroscopic epibiota, were dried, powdered and confined in a standard geometry before gamma spectrometry measurements. Then, the radioactivity of 7Be, 40K, 208Tl, 210Pb, 212Pb, 226Ra and 228Ra was measured by high-resolution gamma spectrometry using high-purity germanium detectors for 172800 s. Detectors were calibrated using a traceable multi gamma standard source and results are on a dry weight and fresh weight basis and are decay corrected to the date of sampling. Our results revealed the influence of cosmogenic radionuclides in the intertidal zone, as shown by the unique presence of 7Be in the brown macroalga Fucus distichus, the only analysed species inhabiting the intertidal. High concentrations of 40K were observed in all species, as this is one of the essential elements in biota. Remarkably is the high content of 210Pb in the red seaweeds Phycodrys rubens and Ptilota gunneri, suggesting that these species might possess a higher capacity for heavy metals bioaccumulation than the analysed brown seaweeds

Using Classification Techniques for Assigning Work Descriptions to Task Groups on the Basis of Construction Vocabulary

Construction project management produces a huge amount of documents in a variety of formats. The efficient use of the data contained in these documents is crucial to enhance control and to improve performance. A central pillar throughout the project life cycle is the Bill of Quantities (BoQ) document. It provides economic information and details a collection of work descriptions describing the nature of the different works needed to be done to achieve the project goal. In this work, we focus on the problem of automatically classifying such work descriptions into a predefined task organization hierarchy, so that it can be possible to store them in a common data repository. We describe a methodology for preprocessing the text associated to work descriptions to build training and test data sets and carry out a complete experimentation with several well-known machine learning algorithms.Programa Juan de la Cierva. Grant Number: FJCI-2015-24093Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. European Regional Development Fund—ERDF. Grant Number: TIN2014-58227-

Problematic Internet Use and Resilience: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Problematic Internet use has become a major problem worldwide due to its numerous negative correlates in the field of health, both mental and physical, and its increasing prevalence, making it necessary to study both its risk and protective factors. Several studies have found a negative relationship between resilience and problematic Internet use, although the results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis assesses the relationship between problematic Internet use and resilience, and analyses its possible moderating variables. A systematic search was conducted in PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus. A total of 93,859 subjects from 19 studies were included in the analyses. The results show that there is a statistically-significant negative relationship (r = −0.27 (95% CI [−0.32, −0.22]), with publication bias. This meta-analysis presents strong evidence of the relationship between the two variables. Limitations and practical implications are discussed.2022-2

DICOM y sistema de registro en radiología: propuestas de mejora

La radiología y radiofísica han sabido dar un paso diferencial respecto otras ramas de conocimiento definiendo, prácticamente desde la introducción de la tomografía computerizada, el estándar de almacenamiento de información DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) que facilita la accesibilidad a un conjunto común y estructurado de datos a nivel mundial que no existe en ningún otro ámbito. La información contenida en los sistemas de registro dosimétricos son clave a la hora de analizar y obtener resultados fiables que deben permitir reducir la incertidumbre estadística y posibilitar la aplicación de metodologías y técnicas de tratamiento de la información como la minería de datos y el análisis de BigData con inteligencia artificial. En la actualidad DICOM permite la transmisión, tratamiento e impresión de archivos de imágenes biomédicas con un informe completo, incluyendo información del paciente, del estudio realizado e incluso del equipo radiológico y magnitudes dosimétricas.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Inoculation with rumen fluid in early life as a strategy to optimize the weaning process in intensive dairy goat systems

Ruminants are born with an undeveloped physical, metabolic, and microbial rumen. Rumen development is limited under artificial rearing systems when newborn animals are separated from the dam, fed on milk replacer, and weaned at an early age. This study aims to evaluate the effects of early-life inoculation of young ruminants with rumen fluid from adult animals. Eighty newborn goat kids were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 experimental treatments and inoculated daily from d 1 to wk 11 with autoclaved rumen fluid (AUT), fresh rumen fluid obtained from adult goats fed either a forage diet (RFF) or concentrate-rich diet (RFC), or absence of inoculation (CTL). Goat kids were artificially reared with ad libitum access to milk replacer, starter concentrate, and forage hay. Blood was sampled weekly and rumen microbial fermentation was monitored at 5 (preweaning), 7 (weaning), and 9 wk of age (postweaning). Results indicated that inoculation with fresh rumen fluid accelerated the rumen microbial and fermentative development before weaning. As a result, RFC and RFF animals had higher solid feed intake (+73%), rumen concentrations of ammonia-N (+26%), total volatile fatty acids (+46%), butyrate (+50%), and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (+48%), and lower milk intake (−6%) than CTL and AUT animals at wk 5. Inoculation with fresh inoculum also promoted early rumen colonization by a complex and abundant protozoal community, whereas CTL animals remained protozoa free. Although all kids experienced moderate growth retardation during 1 wk after weaning, inoculation with fresh rumen fluid favored the weaning process, leading to 2.2 times higher weight gain than CTL and AUT animals during wk 8. Some of these advantages were retained during the postweaning period and RFF and RFC animals showed higher forage intake (up to +44%) than CTL and AUT animals with no detrimental effects on feed digestibility or stress levels. The superior microbial load of RFC compared with RFF inoculum tended to provide further improvements in terms of forage intake, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, and rumen protozoa, whereas AUT inoculation provided minor (if any) advantages with respect to CTL animals. Although no differences were noted on animal growth, this study suggests that early life inoculation of goat kids with rumen microbiota can represent an effective strategy to accelerate the rumen development, facilitating a smooth transition from milk to solid feed and to the potential implementation of early weaning strategies.This study was funded by the Spanish government through the project AGL2017-86938-R and the Training Program for Academics grant, Madrid, Spain (FPU16/01981)